Responsive self-assembly of nanomaterials: Mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives

Abstract

In the development of nanotechnology, responsive self-assembly has been an important research theme. Responsive self-assembly is a technique where nanoparticles form structures in response to external stimuli like temperature and light. Thermo-responsive and photo-controlled self-assembly processes are outstanding compared with traditional methods, and theyve been applied in drug delivery and smart surfaces. Yet, the two processes still have their own challenges in practical applications. This review explores both techniques for explaining how these external stimuli work and the role of nanomaterial properties in the processes. Then it dives deep into their applications, specifically focusing on their strengths and challenges. Thermo-responsive and photo-controlled self-assembly are eco-friendly and reversible, ensuring their wide applications in various conditions. However, thermo-responsive materials, notably UCST-based polymers, are limited in scope, sensitive to the environment, and extremely expensive, while the effectiveness of the photo-controlled assembly process is limited by certain light conditions. Future research should focus on exploring their potential and overcoming the challenges.