Restoration of Tc-99m methyl diphosphonate bone scan image using Richardson–Lucy algorithm

Abstract

Introduction In this study, the optimal input parameters point spread function (PSF) and the number of iterations of the Richardson–Lucy algorithm were experimentally determined to restore Tc-99 m methyl diphosphonate (MDP) whole-body bone scan images. Materials and methods The experiment was performed on 60 anonymized Tc-99 m MDP whole-body bone scan images. Ten images were used for estimating the optimum value of PSF and the number of iterations to restore scintigraphic images. The remaining 50 images were used for validation of estimated parameters. The image quality of observed and restored images was assessed objectively using blind/referenceless image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE), mean brightness (MB), discrete entropy (DE), and edge-based contrast measure (EBCM) image quality metrics. Image quality was subjectively assessed by two nuclear medicine physicians (NMPs) by comparing the restored image quality with observed image quality and assigning a score to each image on the scale of 0–5. Results Based on BRISQUE, MB, DE, and EBCM scores, the restored images were significantly sharper, less bright, had more detailed information, and had less contrast around edges compared to the input images. The restored images had improved resolution based on visual assessment as well; NMPs assigned an average image quality score of 4.00 to restored images. Maximum resolution enhancement was noticed at PSF (size: 11 pixels, sigma: 1.75 pixels) and the number of iterations = 10. With the increase in the number of iterations, noise also gets amplified along with resolution enhancement and affects the detectability of small lesions; in the case of relatively low noisy input images, the number of iterations = 5 gave better results. Conclusion Tc-99 m MDP bone scan images were restored to improve image quality using the Richardson–Lucy algorithm. The optimum value of the PSF parameter was found to be of size = 11 pixels and sigma = 1.75 pixels.

Vertebral and ribs enhancement in Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan image by blind deconvolution algorithm

“…Pandey et al . [14] have studied the restoration of Tc-99m MDP bone scan images using RL algorithm. Two NM physicians evaluated the restored image quality; ribs and vertebrae were found to be sharp but less bright.…”

“…The results of Wilcoxon signed-rank test reveal that 'There is statistically significant difference between input and restored images in terms of image quality metrices (blur, GCF, CPP, and brightness)' (Table 2). Pandey et al [14] have studied the restoration of Tc-99m MDP bone scan images using RL algorithm. Two NM physicians evaluated the restored image quality; ribs and vertebrae were found to be sharp but less bright.…”

“…In our previous study, we found poor performance of RL algorithm in restoring low-count noisy scintigraphic images [14]. Thus, in this study, we have processed the image using the DSR algorithm (number of iterations = 8; a = 0.5; b = 0.185; ∆t = 0.15) to transform the low-count image into high-count image [9,15], Further, it is followed by denoising using BM3D filtering (sigma value-15); before subjecting them to BD algorithm [Gaussian PSF size of the filter: 11 × 11-pixel; sigma (SD) 1.75; number of iterations: 18].…”