Restoring lost cognitive function

Berger, Theodore W.; Ahuja, Ashish; Courellis, Spiros H.; Deadwyler, Sam A.; Erinjippurath, G.; Gerhardt, Greg A.; Gholmieh, Ghassan; Granacki, John; Hampson, Robert E.; Hsaio, Min Chi; LaCoss, Jeff; Marmarelis, Vasilis Z.; Nasiatka, Patrick J.; Srinivasan, Vijay; Song, Dong; Tanguay, Armand R.; Wills, Jack

doi:10.1109/memb.2005.1511498

Cited by 132 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Such a channel could recover sensation lost because of a neurological disorder or it could convey information from sensors of a prosthetic limb (Berger et al, 2005;Middlebrooks et al, 2005;Lebedev and Nicolelis, 2006;Wickelgren, 2006). Although this idea is intriguing, two critical issues must be addressed: (1) whether such artificial sensation can be improved by using multichannel microstimulation, and (2) whether microstimulation in this application is suitable for long-term usage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primate Reaching Cued by Multichannel Spatiotemporal Cortical Microstimulation

Fitzsimmons¹,

Drake²,

Hanson³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

144

129

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Both humans and animals can discriminate signals delivered to sensory areas of their brains using electrical microstimulation. This opens the possibility of creating an artificial sensory channel that could be implemented in neuroprosthetic devices. Although microstimulation delivered through multiple implanted electrodes could be beneficial for this purpose, appropriate microstimulation protocols have not been developed. Here, we report a series of experiments in which owl monkeys performed reaching movements guided by spatiotemporal patterns of cortical microstimulation delivered to primary somatosensory cortex through chronically implanted multielectrode arrays. The monkeys learned to discriminate microstimulation patterns, and their ability to learn new patterns and new behavioral rules improved during several months of testing. Significantly, information was conveyed to the brain through the interplay of microstimulation patterns delivered to multiple electrodes and the temporal order in which these electrodes were stimulated. This suggests multichannel microstimulation as a viable means of sensorizing neural prostheses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primate Reaching Cued by Multichannel Spatiotemporal Cortical Microstimulation

Fitzsimmons¹,

Drake²,

Hanson³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

144

129

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show abstract

“…(Berger et al, 2005;Song et al, 2009). This would require a bidirectional link with the brain so that memories could be both laid down as well as retrieved.…”

Section: Bidirectional Neuroprosthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain-Machine-Brain Interface

O’Doherty¹

2015

Encyclopedia of Computational Neuroscience

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I first show that a direct intracortical signal can be used to instruct rhesus monkeys about the direction of a reach to make with a BMI. Rhesus monkeys placed an actuator over an instruction target and obtained, from the target's artificial texture, information about the correct reach path. Initially these somatosensory instructions took the form of vibrotactile stimulation of the hands. Next, ICMS of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) iv in one monkey and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in another was substituted for this peripheral somatosensory signal. Finally, the monkeys made direct brain-controlled reaches using the activity of ensembles of primary motor cortex (M1) cells, conditional on the ICMS cues. The monkey receiving ICMS of S1 was able to achieve the same level of proficiency with ICMS as with the stimulus delivered to the skin of the hand. The monkey receiving ICMS of PPC was unable to perform the task above chance. This experiment indicates that ICMS of S1 can form the basis of an afferent prosthetic input to the brain for guiding brain-controlled prostheses.I next show that ICMS of S1 can provide feedback about the interactions of a virtualreality upper-limb avatar and virtual objects, enabling active touch. Rhesus monkeys initially controlled the avatar with the movements of their arms and used it to search through sets of up to three objects. Feedback in the form of temporal patterns of ICMS occurred whenever the avatar touched a virtual object. Monkeys learned to use this feedback to find the objects with particular artificial textures, as encoded by the ICMS patterns, and select those associated with reward while avoiding selecting the non-rewarded objects. Next, the control of the avatar was switched to direct brain-control and the monkeys continued to move the avatar with motor commands derived from the extracellular neuronal activity of M1 cells. The afferent and efferent modules of this BMBI were temporally interleaved, and as such did not interfere with each other, yet allowed effectively concurrent operation. Cortical motor neurons were measured while the monkey passively observed the movements of the avatar and were found to be modulated, a result that suggests that concurrent visual and artificial somatosensory feedback lead to the incorporation of the avatar into the monkey's internal brain representation. In summary, rhesus monkeys were augmented with a bidirectional neural interface that allowed them to make reaches to objects and discriminate them by their textures-all without making actual movements and without relying on somatic sensation from their real bodies. Both action and perception were mediated by the brain-machine-brain interface.I probed the sensitivity of the afferent leg of the interface to precise temporal patterns of ICMS. Moreover, I describe evidence that the BMBI controlled avatar was incorporated into the monkey's internal brain representation. These results suggest that future clinical neuroprostheses could implement realistic feedback about object-actuator in...

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“…Subcortical structures such as the basal ganglia and hippocampus have been rendered in computational models or have been fabricated as VLSI microchips [4,12,117]. Approaches have also been developed to characterize closed-loop neural-computer systems such that the behavior of living neural tissue can be reduced to sets of equations; the equations in turn can be rendered in VLSI hardware [121].…”

Section: Expanding the Neural Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…If the model can learn on its own to control itself in a strategic, task-appropriate manner, it might be possible to re-instate some of these behaviors to the impaired patient. Likewise hardware implementations of minimal spiking networks that self-organize into a number of groups that exceeds the number of neurons in the system might serve as an ideal extracerebral buffer for patients with memory impairment [12,40,61,74,81].…”

Section: Expanding the Neural Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques and devices to restore cognition

Serruya

Kahana

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Executive planning, the ability to direct and sustain attention, language and several types of memory may be compromised by conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cancer, autism, cerebral palsy and Alzheimer's disease. No medical devices are currently available to help restore these cognitive functions. Recent findings about the neurophysiology of these conditions in humans coupled with progress in engineering devices to treat refractory neurological conditions imply that the time has arrived to consider the design and evaluation of a new class of devices. Like their neuromotor counterparts, neurocognitive prostheses might sense or modulate neural function in a non-invasive manner or by means of implanted electrodes. In order to paint a vision for future device development, it is essential to first review what can be achieved using behavioral and external modulatory techniques. While non-invasive approaches might strengthen a patient's remaining intact cognitive abilities, neurocognitive prosthetics comprised of direct brain-computer interfaces could in theory physically reconstitute and augment the substrate of cognition itself.

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Restoring lost cognitive function

Cited by 132 publications

References 30 publications

Primate Reaching Cued by Multichannel Spatiotemporal Cortical Microstimulation

Primate Reaching Cued by Multichannel Spatiotemporal Cortical Microstimulation

Brain-Machine-Brain Interface

Techniques and devices to restore cognition

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