Restraint stress delays solid gastric emptying via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic neuron in rats

Nakade, Yukiomi; Tsuchida, Daisuke; Fukuda, Hiroyuki; Iwa, Masahiro; Pappas, Theodore N.; Takahashi, Toshio

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00499.2004

Cited by 118 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Another effect of stress on GI function is a reduction in motility. Stress can reduce gastric emptying, slowing transit in the small intestine through stressor-induced increases in corticotrophin releasing hormone (Nakade et al, 2005). The collective message of this and the above research is that natural defences of mammals, such as those provided by the commensal microflora, stomach acid and normal GI motility can be significantly compromised by psychological and physical stress (Bailey et al, 2006).…”

Section: Microbial Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 97%

Stress and microbial endocrinology: prospects for ruminant nutrition

Freestone

Lyte

2010

Animal

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The feed efficiency of ruminant meat and dairy livestock can be significantly influenced by factors within their living environments. In particular, events perceived by the animals as stressful (such as parturition, transport or handling) have been found to affect susceptibility to infection. It has been well documented that even minor stress such as weighing can result in an increase in colonisation and faecal shedding of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Such infections affect both ruminant overall health and therefore performance, and are a particular problem for the meat production industries. Prior explanations for stress enhancing the likelihood of infection is that activation of the sympathetic nervous system under stress leads to the release of neuroendocrine mediators such as the catecholamine stress hormones noradrenaline and adrenaline, which may impair innate and adaptive immunity. More recently, however, another equally compelling explanation, viewed through the lens of the newly recognised microbiological discipline of microbial endocrinology is that the myriad of bacteria within the ruminant digestive tract are as responsive to the hormonal output of stress as the cells of their host. Work from our laboratories has shown that enteric pathogens have evolved systems for directly sensing stress hormones. We have demonstrated that even brief exposure of enteric pathogens to physiological concentrations of stress hormones can result in massive increases in growth and marked changes in expression of virulence factors such as adhesins and toxins. Happy, less stressed ruminants may therefore be better-nourished animals and safer sources of meat. This article reviews evidence that stress, as well as affecting nutrition, in ruminants is correlated with increased risk of enteric bacterial infections, and examines the molecular mechanisms that may be at work in both processes.

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Section: Microbial Endocrinologymentioning

confidence: 97%

Stress and microbial endocrinology: prospects for ruminant nutrition

Freestone

Lyte

2010

Animal

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“…13 Likewise, stressor exposure can reduce gastric emptying and slow transit in the small intestine. 14,15 Unlike the slower motility in the stomach and small intestine, stressor exposure tends to enhance motility in the colon. 16 In addition to affecting these secretory and motor responses, the physiological stress response can also affect protective barriers in the intestines.…”

Section: Stress the Stress Response And Impact On Gut Physiologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of stressor exposure on the interplay between commensal microbiota and host inflammation

2014

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“…CRF-mediated motor responses differ between the stomach and colon. Gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals is delayed by acute restraint stress in rodents [5] . In contrast, acute restraint stress accelerates colonic transit in rats [6] and mice [7] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The different motor patterns between the upper and lower gut are mediated via different CRF receptors. Delayed gastric emptying induced by acute restraint stress is mediated via central CRF2 receptors [5] . In contrast, accelerated colonic transit induced by acute restraint stress is mediated via central CRF1 receptors in rats [6] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, accelerated colonic transit induced by acute restraint stress is mediated via central CRF1 receptors in rats [6] . Acute restraint stress stimulates central CRF2 receptors and sympathetic pathway, resulting in delayed gastric emptying [5] ( Figure 1), while acute restraint stress stimulates central CRF1 receptors and parasympathetic pathways (vagal nerve and pelvic nerve), resulting in acceleration of colonic transit in rats [6] ( Figure 1). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-stress Effect of Hypothalamic Oxytocin, Importance of Somatosensory Stimulation and Social Buffering

Takahashi

Babygirija

Ludwig

2015

International Journal of Neurology Research

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A growing body of evidence suggests that stress stimuli, both acute and chronic, promote different physiological mechanisms and neuroendocrine responses. Oxytocin (OXT) is mainly synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. Central OXT has an anxiolytic effect and attenuates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. Anti-stress effect of OXT has been explained by its inhibitory effect on corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) expression at the PVN via GABAA receptors. Repeated experience with the same stressor produces habituation, or diminution of behavioral responses and HPA axis responses. Up-regulated OXT expression in the PVN is involved in mediating habituation in response to chronic homotypic stress in rats. In contrast to chronic homotypic stress, no habituation is observed when rats are singly housed and received different types of stressors for 7 days (chronic heterotypic stress). Increased CRF expression and reduced OXT expression at the PVN are observed following chronic heterotypic stress in singly housed rats. Thus, it is conceivable that stress responses to chronic heterotypic stress would be diminished if endogenous OXT expression is upregulated. Various manual therapies such as massage, acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) involve the stimulation of somatosensory neurons. OXT system is activated by manual therapies. TENS increases OXT expression and decreases CRF expression at the PVN following chronic heterotypic stress in singly housed rats. OXT has been implicated in a number of social behaviors, including maternal care, affiliation and social attachment. Social attachment is known to stimulate OXT release in the hypothalamus in rats. A recent study demonstrates an increased OXT expression following chronic heterotypic stress when rats are pair-housed. Somatosensory stimulation is a promising treatment for stress-associated diseases. A social interaction is also important to adapt to our daily life stress.

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Restraint stress delays solid gastric emptying via a central CRF and peripheral sympathetic neuron in rats

Cited by 118 publications

References 48 publications

Stress and microbial endocrinology: prospects for ruminant nutrition

Stress and microbial endocrinology: prospects for ruminant nutrition

Impact of stressor exposure on the interplay between commensal microbiota and host inflammation

Anti-stress Effect of Hypothalamic Oxytocin, Importance of Somatosensory Stimulation and Social Buffering

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