Results of a Single Case Controlled Study of The Optimum Performance Program in Sports in a Collegiate Athlete

Abstract

In this study, a sport-specific adaptation of Family Behavior Therapy (i.e., The Optimum Performance Program in Sports [TOPPS]) in a collegiate athlete was examined, including a controlled evaluation of several of its intervention components utilizing multiple-baseline methodology. After a 3-week baseline consisting of program orientation, cultural enlightenment, and goal development was established for unsafe sexual practices, alcohol binge drinking (four or more drinks per occasion), and teammate relationships, the participant was sequentially and cumulatively exposed to three distinct intervention phases across 12 meetings. In the first phase, a Dynamic Goals and Rewards intervention was implemented with the intention of reducing unsafe sexual practices. In the second phase, alcohol avoidance was additionally targeted through Goal Inspiration (Consequence Review; that is, a motivational enhancement exercise), SelfControl, and Environmental Control. The third phase focused on teammate relationships using Communication Skills Training while the aforementioned target areas continued to be addressed. A brief probe assessment was administered immediately before each intervention meeting to assess frequency of unprotected sex, frequency of binge drinking, and relationship problems with teammates. Results indicated that each of the target behaviors reduced substantially, but only after they were targeted. The participant's scores on a standardized measure of troublesome thoughts and stress substantially decreased across intervention meetings. Various mental health and sport performance outcome measures, in addition to the aforementioned target areas, improved up to 5 months post-intervention.

Mental Health and Sport Performance Programming in Athletes Who Present Without Pathology: A Case Examination Supporting Optimization

“…The Optimum Performance Program in Sports (TOPPS) is an evidence-based program that was adapted from Family Behavior Therapy (FBT; Azrin et al, 1994). In both uncontrolled and controlled case trials, TOPPS has preliminarily demonstrated concurrent improvements in mental health and sport performance in collegiate athletes (Chow et al, 2015; Donohue et al, 2015; Pitts et al, 2015), and outcomes are currently being examined in a large-scale randomized controlled trial in collegiate athletes (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA]; 1 R01 DA031828).…”

Examination of the Influence of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Components, Consumer Satisfaction and Engagement in Mothers Referred for Drug Abuse and Child Neglect on Treatment Outcomes

“…Family Behavior Therapy (FBT) is reported by experts to be a promising intervention for drug abuse and coexisting symptomology (e.g., Austin et al, 2005;Bender et al, 2006;Carroll & Onken, 2005;Henggeler, 2015;Landers et al, 2018;National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016). This intervention was originated from the Community Reinforcement Approach (Azrin et al, 1982) and has demonstrated efficacy in both controlled (Azrin et al, 1996;Azrin, McMahon, et al, 1994;Chow et al, 2015, Donohue et al, 2014 and uncontrolled clinical trials (e.g. Donohue et al, 2010;Galante et al, in press;Gavrilova et al, 2017;LaPota et al, 2011;Plant & Holland, 2018;Romero et al, 2010).…”

A controlled examination of motivational strategies: Is it better to motivate by reviewing positive consequences for goal achievement or negative consequences of not accomplishing goals?

“…; Azrin & Holz, 1966; Azrin, McMahon, et al, 1994; Azrin & Nunn, 1973; Azrin, Nunn, & Frantz, 1980), and were subsequently embedded within the Community Reinforcement Approach (Azrin, Sisson, Meyers, & Godley, 1982; Meyers & Smith, 1995), Motivational Interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 2013), and Family Behavior Therapy (FBT; Azrin, Donohue, Besalel, Kogan, & Acierno, 1994). These evidence-based therapeutic interventions incorporate consequence reviews to enhance client motivation in improving undesired habits, reducing problem behaviors, increasing prosocial and healthy behaviors, and achieving goals (Azrin, Donohue, et al, 1994, Azrin et al, 2001; Azrin, McMahon, et al, 1994; Chow et al, 2015; Donohue & Azrin, 2011; Donohue et al, 2015; Hettema, Steele, & Miller, 2005; Meyers & Smith, 1995; Miller & Rollnick, 2013).…”