Results of the Alcoa Foundation Suriname expeditions. VIII. Comparative ultrastructure of gastric mucosae in four genera of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera), with comments on gastric evolution.

Abstract

Ultrastructure of gastric mucosa was studied comparatively in six species representing four microchiropteran genera, Pteronotus parnellii, Phyllostomus hastatus, P. elongatus, Carollia perspicillata, Artibeus lituratus, and A. concolor, which have different diets. Overall, the ultrastructural comparisons were shown to have systematic value as well as value for determination of evolutionary patterns at the cellular and tissue levels. Generic differences were found in numbers and types of entero-endocrine cells; a glucagonproducing A cell was the only type common to all four genera. Generally, entero-endocrine cell types could be correlated with both diet and systematics and the specific composition of cell types could be explained in terms of potential interactions with other cell types within individual species. Intergeneric ultrastructural differences also were found among chief cells and their secretory products and among mucous neck cells. The chief cell differences were related to diet and it was clear that stenodermatine chief cells are functionally divergent and, therefore, might be useful to an understanding of evolution of cell types. Interfamilial histochemical analyses of mucous neck cell product appeared to loosely match diet (insectivore-omnivore versus strict frugivore), whereas ultrastructural features of these cells were more nearly indicative of systematic relationships among

Results of the Alcoa Foundation Suriname expeditions. X. Patterns of cellular divergence and evolution in the gastric mucosa of two genera of phyllostomid bats, Trachops and Chiroderma

“…The digestive tract, and the stomach in particular, is especially interesting in bats because diet can be correlated with gross anatomy, musculature, histochemistry, and histology (for example, Park and Hall, 1951;Kolb, 1954;Schultz, 1965Schultz, , 1970Rouk and Glass, 1970;Hart, 1971;Forman, 1971Forman, , 1972Forman et al, 1979;Kamiya and Pirlot, 1975;Ogunbiyi and Okon, 1976;Okon, 1977;Bhide, 1980;Yamada et al, 1984;Ishikawa et al, 1985). These correlations have been extended through recent studies in which we have demonstrated differences in 1) aspects of the ultrastructure of cell types, 2) possible presence or absence of certain entero-endocrine (endocrine-paracrine) cells, and 3) relative numbers of particular cell types (Phillips and Studholme, 1982;Phillips et al, 1984;Mennone et al, 1 986). A variety of questions has been left unanswered by previous investigations.…”

“…2), which are thought to secrete glucagon (Moody et al, 1978;Unger et al, 1978) and D-cells, which secrete somatostatin (Hokfelt et al, 1975;Grube and Forssmann, 1979). Cells with essentially the same ultrastructure have been found in other species; A-cells have been described in Pteronotus, Phyllostomus, Carollia, and Artibeus, whereas D-cells have been found previously only in Pteronotus and Phyllostomus (Phillips et al, 1984). Yamada et al (1984) have demonstrated both glucagon-and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in endocrine cells in the fundic region of the stomach of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, so although ultrastructural data are lacking, this species also has both A-and D-cells.…”

“…Comparative transmission electron microscopy has been shown to be a useful addition to histological and histochemical techniques in the study of systematics and evolutionary biology of mammals (for example, Phillips et al, 1984;Feldman and Phillips, 1984;Tandler et al, 1986;Phillips et al, in press;Phillips and Tandler, in press). An analysis by TEM allows for interspecific comparisons of structure among cells that are thought to be homologous (following criteria of Rieger and Tyler, 1979) and in the same stage of differentiation.…”

“…The apparent presence of abundant glucagon-and somatostatin-producing entero-endocrine cells in Trachops is significant because these cells 1) also are found in other insectivorous, animalivorous, and sangivorous species (Phillips et aL, 1984;Yamada et aL, 1984), 2) are abundant, 3) are positioned among chief and parietal cells, and 4) because each of these products is known to inhibit gastric acid secretion (Konturek et aL, 1975;Kusomoto et aL, 1979;Stachura et aL, 1981). Additionally, the physical proximity of A-and D-cells in Trachops resembles the situation in dogs, in which somatostatin apparently also inhibits, or limits, glucagon production (Kusomoto et aL, 1979).…”

Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. XIII. Annotated gazetter of mammal collecting sites in Suriname

“…This means that the district names appearing on the tags of many of the mammal specimens from Suriname in the Carnegie Museum of Natural History have changed. This also is true of the district names published in previous reports from the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions (Baker et ai., 1981;Genoways and Baker, 1996;Genoways and Williams, 1980, 1986Genoways et al, 1981;Honeycutt et al, 1981;Lim et ah, 2003;Phillips, et al, 1984;Williams and Genoways, 1980a, 19801? ;Williams et ah, 1981).…”