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Analysis of the formal, readily visible face of science reveals little of what is happening in the, often crucial, informal networks.A core-set of scientists is composed of those scientists who are deeply involved in experimentation or theorization that is directly relevant to a scientific controversy (Collins 1981a(Collins , [1985 1992). A core-set is often quite small-perhaps only a dozen scientists or a half-dozen laboratory teams. They are a "set" rather than a ''group" because the members may disagree so violently that there are few social ties among them.When a scientific controversy reaches closure, there are winners and losers. If new claims are rejected outright by the majority, the winners write their "told-you-so" books and papers and go back to their previous scientific lives; for them, there is a resumption of business as usual. As for the losers, they may disappear too, or they may form a "re-