“…In fact, unmodified and modified lignin has been widely used in wood-adhesive materials, 6,23 composites, 24,25 biomedical products, 2,26 flame retardants 27,28 and bio-adsorption applications. 29,30 Still, the implementation of lignin in catalysis is to date rarely introduced due to its complex structure and heterogeneous properties, with only relatively few studies devoted to extending the values of lignin in catalysts as a support or functional polymer in certain catalytic reactions.…”