Resurgence of infectious diseases due to forced migration: is planetary health and One Health action synergistic?

Positioning zoonotic disease research in forced migration: a systematic literature review of theoretical frameworks and approaches

“…The specific contribution of forced migration to zoonotic risks were less well explored. Multiple authors argued that resettlement programs and refugee migration may act as vectors for endemic disease into naive populations, citing increased disease risk through environmental and socioeconomic change such as poverty and health inequality [27-29]. The earliest work included in this review [30] suggested these factors be addressed though improved co-ordination of development programs; while subsequent work by Mayer (31) developed the need to disentangle disease risks in forced migration by improving understanding of biological drivers of disease dynamics.…”

Strengthening preparedness against global health threats: A paradigm shift based on One Health approaches

“…To ensure the establishment of a sustainable OH preparedness system aimed at addressing global health threats a “whole of society” vision is fundamental [ 29 , 37 ]. As per WHO definition “whole of government and whole of society approaches are grounded in strategies that enhance joined-up government, improved coordination and the integration and diffusion of responsibility for health throughout government and society.” [ 38 ].…”

“…The first area refers to the mainstreaming of OH approaches in preparedness and prevention plans, making OH an integral part of the national, regional and international strategy aimed at countering the evolving of potential threats to global health rather than a distinct One Health action plan addressing specific sectors like zoonosis or AMR [ 37 , 50 ]. We propose the implementation of a One Health-based Conceptual Framework to promote the integration of OH with identified priorities for action (Appendix 2 in [ 11 ]).…”

Positioning zoonotic disease research in forced migration: A systematic literature review of theoretical frameworks and approaches

“…The specific contribution of forced migration to zoonotic risks were less well explored. Multiple authors argued that resettlement programs and refugee migration may act as vectors for endemic disease into naive populations, citing increased disease risk through environmental and socioeconomic change such as poverty and health inequality [42,46,47]. The earliest work included in this review [27] suggested these factors be addressed though improved coordination of development programs; while subsequent work by Mayer [32] developed the need to disentangle disease risks in forced migration by improving understanding of biological drivers of disease dynamics.…”

“…A Planetary Health framework is again employed by Myers [43] to explore case studies of Ebola, HIV, and schistosomiasis through which they highlight links between human-ecosystem relationships and disease exposure risks. Myers argues that environmental changes are driven by social processes and population characteristics; this position is echoed by Flowra and Asaduzzaman [46] who consider climatic drivers of microbes and infection as linked to social changes. In parallel to the growth in non-forced migration literature exploring intersections between social and global environmental change, many of the later papers in this review recognized climatic change as a key factor in understanding the emergence and transmission of zoonoses.…”