Resurgence of Schmallenberg Virus in Belgium after 3 Years of Epidemiological Silence

Delooz, Laurent; Saegerman, Claude; Quinet, Christian; Petitjean, T.; Regge, Nick De; Cay, Brigitte

doi:10.1111/tbed.12552

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Our estimates of EIP support the empirical findings in Denmark and other European countries [ 14 , 17 , 48 ]. On September 30th, the mean EIP of Schmallenberg virus was 21 days using hourly maximum temperatures, 35 days using random resting-site temperatures, 49 days using DMI temperatures and 60 days using hourly minimum temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Pregnant ewes and cows infected in mid to late November will give birth to malformed lambs/calves around March-April and August-September the following year. Schmallenberg virus has recently been identified in aborted sheep/cattle during spring in Belgium [ 48 ] and in Denmark [ 4 ]. We found a relatively long season of transmission when modeled with microclimatic temperature compared to that of DMI temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microclimatic temperatures at Danish cattle farms, 2000–2016: quantifying the temporal and spatial variation in the transmission potential of Schmallenberg virus

et al. 2018

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BackgroundMicroclimatic temperatures provide better estimates of vector-borne disease transmission parameters than standard meteorological temperatures, as the microclimate represent the actual temperatures to which the vectors are exposed. The objectives of this study were to quantify farm-level geographic variations and temporal patterns in the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of Schmallenberg virus transmitted by Culicoides in Denmark through generation of microclimatic temperatures surrounding all Danish cattle farms.MethodsWe calculated the hourly microclimatic temperatures at potential vector-resting sites within a 500 m radius of 22,004 Danish cattle farms for the months April to November from 2000 to 2016. We then modeled the daily EIP of Schmallenberg virus at each farm, assuming vectors choose resting sites either randomly or based on temperatures (warmest or coolest available) every hour. The results of the model output are presented as 17-year averages.ResultsThe difference between the warmest and coolest microhabitats at the same farm was on average 3.7 °C (5th and 95th percentiles: 1.0 °C to 7.8 °C). The mean EIP of Schmallenberg virus (5th and 95th percentiles) for all cattle farms during spring, summer, and autumn was: 23 (18–33), 14 (12–18) and 51 (48–55) days, respectively, assuming Culicoides select resting sites randomly. These estimated EIP values were considerably shorter than those estimated using standard meteorological temperatures obtained from a numerical weather prediction model for the same periods: 43 (39–52), 21 (17–24) and 57 (55–58) days, respectively. When assuming that vectors actively select the coolest resting sites at a farm, the EIP was 2.3 (range: 1.1 to 4.1) times longer compared to that of the warmest sites at the same farm.ConclusionsWe estimated a wide range of EIP in different microclimatic habitats surrounding Danish cattle farms, stressing the importance of identifying the specific resting sites of vectors when modeling vector-borne disease transmission. We found a large variation in the EIP among different farms, suggesting disease transmission may vary substantially between regions, even within a small country. Our findings could be useful for designing risk-based surveillance, and in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging vector-borne diseases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimatic temperatures at Danish cattle farms, 2000–2016: quantifying the temporal and spatial variation in the transmission potential of Schmallenberg virus

et al. 2018

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“…In some farms from Li ege and Namur, however, between 50% and 100% of the sampled animals were found SBV antibody-positive at that time. The high within-herd seroprevalence in these provinces seems to be in line with the detection of some aborted SBV RNA-positive calves in those regions in spring 2016 by the Belgian reference laboratory (CODA-CERVA (Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre), personal communication; Delooz et al, 2016), further indicating that an SBV recirculation took already place in this region in 2015.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 68%

Evidence of extensive renewed Schmallenberg virus circulation in Belgium during summer of 2016 - increase in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases expected

Sohier

Deblauwe

Loo

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

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A seroprevalence study carried out between June and September 2016 in the Belgian sheep population showed a significant increase in overall (from 25% to 62%) and between-herd (from 60% to 96%) seroprevalence against Schmallenberg virus (SBV) during this period, indicating the most extensive recirculation of SBV since its original emergence in 2011. SBV recirculation was confirmed by the detection of SBV RNA-positive Culicoides obsoletus complex midges collected in the region of Antwerp in August 2016, reaching a minimum infection rate of 3%. The recirculation of SBV in the largely unprotected ruminant population during summer 2016 will likely cause an increase in the number of arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases in newborn ruminants during the coming months.

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“…Using the microclimatic temperatures of 2015, we found that complete virus development was possible in a period of at least 2.5 months for dengue, 4 months for malaria, 4.5 months for Dirofilaria and West Nile Virus, and 5 months for bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus. In recent years, Schmallenberg virus has been detected in late autumn (September) in Denmark and other European countries 26 . When using meteorological temperature in our transmission model, the Schmallenberg virus did not develop after mid-August in 2015.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

Haider

Kirkeby

Kjær

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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We quantified the difference between the meteorological temperature recorded by the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) weather stations and the actual microclimatic temperatures at two or three different heights at six potential insect habitats. We then compared the impact of the hourly temperature on the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) of six pathogens. Finally, we developed a regression model, enabling us to predict the microclimatic temperatures of different habitats based on five standard meteorological parameters readily available from any meteorological institution. Microclimatic habitats were on average 3.5–5 °C warmer than the DMI recorded temperatures during midday and 1–3 °C cooler at midnight. The estimated EIP for five of the six microclimatic habitats was shorter than the estimates based on DMI temperatures for all pathogens studied. The microclimatic temperatures also predicted a longer season for virus development compared to DMI temperatures. Based on DMI data of hourly temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, rain and humidity, we were able to predict the microclimatic temperature of different habitats with an R2 of 0.87–0.96. Using only meteorological temperatures for vector-borne disease transmission models may substantially underestimate both the daily potential for virus development and the duration of the potential transmission season.

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Resurgence of Schmallenberg Virus in Belgium after 3 Years of Epidemiological Silence

Cited by 33 publications

References 5 publications

Microclimatic temperatures at Danish cattle farms, 2000–2016: quantifying the temporal and spatial variation in the transmission potential of Schmallenberg virus

Microclimatic temperatures at Danish cattle farms, 2000–2016: quantifying the temporal and spatial variation in the transmission potential of Schmallenberg virus

Evidence of extensive renewed Schmallenberg virus circulation in Belgium during summer of 2016 - increase in arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly cases expected

Microclimatic temperatures increase the potential for vector-borne disease transmission in the Scandinavian climate

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