Resveratrol Attenuates Ankylosing Spondylitis in Mice by Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway and Regulating Gut Microbiota

Molecular mechanisms of AMPK/YAP/NLRP3 signaling pathway affecting the occurrence and development of ankylosing spondylitis

“…Moreover, research has shown that resveratrol reduces mouse AS by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and regulating the intestinal microbiota [ 40 ].…”

“…Usually, spinal involvement occurs after the third injection and 8 weeks later, at which time the spine's intervertebral disc will be eroded. Therefore, after 18 weeks, we euthanized the mice using the dislocation of the cervical vertebrae method, dissected and cleaned the spinal column, performed a CT scan to assess the changes in bone structure, and determined the success of the induced model [ 40 ].…”

Nod-like receptors in inflammatory arthritis

“…Similar to other types of IA, dietary compounds that target NLR signaling have been studied in the context of AS. Resveratrol (3.4.5′-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), a phytoalexin found in fruits, vegetables, chocolate, grapes, and wine, possesses anti-inflammatory properties [ 89 ]. Resveratrol slowed the progression and severity of AS in a proteoglycan induced AS mouse model.…”

“…Mice gavaged with resveratrol exhibited slower progression and less severe AS. Mechanistically, resveratrol inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, attenuated NLRP3 activation and cytokine production, and increased intestinal probiotic levels [ 89 ]. Furthermore, Micheliolide (MCL), a sesquiterpene lactone shown to help reduce the inflammatory response, decreased NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-18 protein expression in treated mice and increased IL- 4 [ 90 ].…”

Correlations of expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 and Janus kinase 3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells with T helper 17 cell/regulatory T cell imbalance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

“…A recent study reported that abnormal JAK3 gene expression is related to various rheumatic immune diseases, and JAK inhibitors are fairly feasible and safe in treating AS [6]. Tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4), a type I transmembrane protein, serves as a bridge between adaptive immunity and innate immunity and recognizes the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of different pathogens, thus inducing the expressions of pro-inflammatory and immune-related genes and further exacerbating the inflammatory response [7]. Additionally, TLR4 is expressed on the cell membrane surface and in synovial cells, and can cause sustained inflammatory cell activation by activating the NF-ᴋB signaling pathway, thus aggravating synovial inflammation and accelerating the occurrence of diseases such as osteoarthritis [8].…”