Retailer compliance with tobacco control laws in New York City before and after raising the minimum legal purchase age to 21

Silver, Diana; Macinko, James; Giorgio, Margaret; Bae, Jin Yung; Jiménez, Gerónimo

doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052547

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In particular, we assume that 15% of smokers will respond to increased prices by seeking out opportunities to avoid the new prices. MPL price analyses in Malaysia 35 and New York City, 36 however, indicate that the per cent of illicit (or below minimum price) sales only increased by 3-5 percentage points following policy implementation, suggesting we may have underestimated the modelled policies' impact on prices. In reality, the amount of policy avoidance will likely vary by state, based in part on differences in prices in, and distances to, nearby cigarette markets, 37 38 and by income levels, smoking intensity and self-reported price levels prepolicy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Comparing projected impacts of cigarette floor price and excise tax policies on socioeconomic disparities in smoking

et al. 2016

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BackgroundAbout half of all US states have cigarette minimum price laws (MPLs) that require a per cent mark-up on prices, but research suggests they may not be very effective in raising prices. An alternative type of MPL sets a floor price below which packs cannot be sold, and may be more promising. This new type of MPL policy has only been implemented in 1 city, therefore its benefits relative to excise taxes is difficult to assess.MethodsWe constructed a set of possible state floor price MPL options, and matched them to possible state excise tax hikes designed to produce similar average price increases. Using self-reported price and cigarette consumption data from 23 521 participants in the 2010–2011 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, we projected changes in pack prices and cigarette consumption following implementation of each paired MPL and tax option, for lower and higher income groups.ResultsWe project that state MPLs set at the average reported pack price would raise prices by $0.33 and reduce cigarette consumption by about 4%; a tax with a similar average price effect would reduce consumption by 2.3%. MPLs and taxes that raise average prices by more than $2.00 would reduce consumption by 15.9% and 13.5%, respectively. In all models, we project that MPLs will reduce income-based smoking disparities more than their comparable excise taxes.ConclusionsFloor price cigarette MPLs set at or above what consumers currently report paying could reduce both tobacco use and socioeconomic disparities in smoking.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Comparing projected impacts of cigarette floor price and excise tax policies on socioeconomic disparities in smoking

et al. 2016

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“…A recent study found that in California, nearly 50% of tobacco and vape shops did not check IDs when underage decoys attempted to purchase vaping products 10. When a T21 law passed in New York City, a study investigated retailer compliance with ID checks and found that compliance actually decreased after T21 policies were enacted (from 71% compliance to 62%) 16. It was also found that independent retailers of tobacco products had significantly lower compliance rates compared with chain stores 16.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When a T21 law passed in New York City, a study investigated retailer compliance with ID checks and found that compliance actually decreased after T21 policies were enacted (from 71% compliance to 62%) 16. It was also found that independent retailers of tobacco products had significantly lower compliance rates compared with chain stores 16. Independent retailers may be reluctant to check IDs of individuals if they are similar in age to the retailers 17.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-cigarette and cigarette purchasing among young adults before and after implementation of California’s tobacco 21 policy

et al. 2020

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BackgroundTobacco 21 (T21) laws, which raise the minimum legal age of sale of tobacco products to 21, have been proposed and implemented in states and cities across the USA. However, limited data are available on the effect of T21 laws on youth tobacco purchasing behaviours and access to tobacco products.MethodsParticipants in a population-based prospective cohort in southern California completed questionnaires before (n=1609, age=18–19 y) and after (n=1502, age=19–20 y) T21 was implemented in California (June 2016). We examined the prevalence of past 30-day cigarette and e-cigarette use, and among past 30-day users, purchase location of tobacco products before (pre-) versus after (post-) T21. We also examined whether, post-T21, participants were refused purchase of tobacco products due to their age, and the perceived relative ease of purchasing cigarettes and e-cigarettes (vs pre-T21).ResultsNegligible changes in cigarette and e-cigarette use were observed pre-T21 versus post-T21. At both time points, the majority of past 30-day users purchased cigarettes from gas stations and e-cigarettes from vape shops. Post-T21, the proportion of participants who reported purchasing cigarettes at gas stations decreased. Post-T21, most past 30-day cigarette or e-cigarette users were not refused purchase of cigarettes (65.4%) or e-cigarettes (82.0%) in the past 30 days, despite being under 21; half of the participants felt it was harder to purchase cigarettes (54.3%) and e-cigarettes (43.6%) post-T21.ConclusionPost-T21, few participants were refused purchase of any tobacco product, despite the illegality of such sales. Better enforcement of T21 is needed to improve the efficacy of T21 legislation.

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“…The aggressive enforcement of T21 in Needham, Massachusetts, resulted in a significant reduction in the percentage of youth under age 18 who purchased cigarettes in stores 19. On the other hand, lack of enforcement and monitoring of retailer compliance to T21 in New York City may have resulted in mild or no effect on adolescent smoking 21 29…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco 21 policies in California and Hawaii and sales of cigarette packs: a difference-in-differences analysis

et al. 2019

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ObjectiveTo measure the association of raising the minimum legal age of tobacco sales to 21 years (T21) statewide with monthly sales of cigarette packs in California and Hawaii, the first two states to implement T21 statewide.MethodsState monthly cigarette tax revenues from state departments of taxation were analysed for 11 states from January 2014 through December 2018 (n=660). Monthly cigarette packs sold were constructed using cigarette tax revenue and cigarette tax rate in each state. A difference-in-differences regression method was used to estimate the association of statewide T21 policies with monthly cigarette packs sold in California and Hawaii, separately, compared to the western states that did not implement such policies. Both models were controlled for year–month fixed effects, cigarette tax rates, smoke-free air laws, Medicaid coverage of smoking cessation, minimum legal sales ages for e-cigarettes and state marijuana laws, in addition to state demographic characteristics (sex, age, education, race/ethnicity and population size).FindingsImplementation of T21 statewide was associated with a reduction of 9.41 (95% CI=–15.52 to –3.30) million monthly packs sold in California and 0.57 (95% CI=–0.83 to –0.30) million monthly packs sold in Hawaii, compared to regional states. These translate to a reduction of 13.1%–18.2%, respectively, in monthly packs sold relative to mean values before the implementation of T21.ConclusionsRaising the minimum legal age for tobacco sales to 21 years could reduce cigarette sales as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy that complements and builds on proven approaches to achieve this goal.

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Retailer compliance with tobacco control laws in New York City before and after raising the minimum legal purchase age to 21

Abstract: Several aspects of tobacco control appear to have deteriorated in NYC. Greater attention to monitoring retailer compliance with all tobacco regulations will be important for Tobacco 21 laws to be effective in reducing youth access to tobacco products.

Cited by 32 publications

References 10 publications

Comparing projected impacts of cigarette floor price and excise tax policies on socioeconomic disparities in smoking

Comparing projected impacts of cigarette floor price and excise tax policies on socioeconomic disparities in smoking

E-cigarette and cigarette purchasing among young adults before and after implementation of California’s tobacco 21 policy

Tobacco 21 policies in California and Hawaii and sales of cigarette packs: a difference-in-differences analysis

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