Retardation of organo-bromides in a fractured chalk aquitard

Ezra, Shai; Feinstein, Shimon; Yakirevich, A.; Adar, Eilon; Bilkis, Itzhak

doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2006.02.016

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…A small number of studies on environmental occurrence of TBNPA were identified. Ezra et al (2006) reported on TBNPA in groundwater near a production facility. They extracted TBNPA from the groundwater samples using reversed-phase SPE disks.…”

Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Emerging and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food

2012

EFS2

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EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on brominated flame retardants (BFRs) other than PBDEs, PBBs, HBCDDs, TBBPA and brominated phenols and their derivatives. The BFRs that are the subject of the current opinion, were classified in groups termed "emerging" and "novel" BFRs. Information on 17 emerging and 10 novel BFRs was collected. The information varied widely for these BFRs. There is a lack of experimental data on physico-chemical characteristics, stability/reactivity and current use and production volume of all the emerging and novel BFRs. Due to the very limited information on occurrence, exposure and toxicity, the CONTAM Panel could not perform a risk characterisation for any of the BFRs considered. Instead, an attempt was made to identify those BFRs that could be a potential health concern and should be considered first for future investigations. For this purpose the Panel first evaluated the available experimental data on occurrence in food, behaviour in the environment and toxicity. Secondly, a modelling exercise was performed focussing on the potential of the emerging and novel BFRs for persistence in the environment and for their possible bioaccumulation potential. There is convincing evidence that tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate (TDBPP) and dibromoneopentyl glycol (DBNPG) are genotoxic and carcinogenic, warranting further surveillance of their occurrence in the environment and in food. Based on the limited experimental data on environmental behaviour, 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were identified as compounds that could raise a concern for bioaccumulation. For the modelling exercise, the CONTAM Panel selected two environmental characteristics, overall persistence and potential for bioaccumulation, as being most relevant to provide insight into the possibility that emerging or novel BFRs The less well known and less studied BFRs, subject of the current opinion, were grouped into two classes, referred to herein as "emerging" and "novel" BFRs. Emerging BFRs are defined as chemicals which are applied as flame retardants and that have been identified in any environmental compartment, in wildlife, in food or in humans. It should be noted that the definition for the emerging BFRs, used in this opinion, does not imply that there is evidence for an increasing trend in the concentration of these BFRs in the environment, in food or in human samples. Novel BFRs are defined as chemicals applied as flame retardants, with confirmed presence in materials and/or goods in concentrations above 0.1 %, but not identified in environmental samples, wildlife, food or humans. In total, information on 27 BFRs, of which 17 were identified as "emerging" and 10 as "novel", was collected by the CONTAM Panel, and it was noted that the available information varied widely for the various individual BFRs.In general, there is a lack of experimental data on physico-chemical characteristics and stability/reactivity for all the emerging and novel BFRs. This sometimes hampered ...

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Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Emerging and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food

2012

EFS2

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“…Once in the environment, BMP is slowly degraded. Its half life is estimated to be over 100 years in groundwater (Ezra et al, 2006, 2010). Therefore, humans may be exposed to BMP by multiple routes (NTP, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of DNA damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: Role of oxidative stress

et al. 2011

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2, 2-Bis (bromomethyl)-1, 3-propanediol (BMP) is an extensively used brominated flame retardant found in urethane foams and polyester resins. In a two year dietary study conducted by the National Toxicology Program, BMP caused neoplastic lesions at multiple sites including the urinary bladder in both rats and mice. The mechanism of its carcinogenic effect is unknown. In the present study, using SV-40 immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa), endpoints associated with BMP induced DNA damage and oxidative stress were investigated. The effects of time (1–24 h) and concentration (5–100 μM) on BMP induced DNA strand breaks were assessed via the alkaline comet assay. The results revealed evidence of DNA strand breaks at 1 and 3h following incubation of cells with non-cytotoxic concentrations of BMP. Strand breaks were not present after 6h of incubation. Evidences for BMP associated oxidative stress include: an elevation of intracellular ROS formation as well as induction of Nrf2 and HSP70 protein levels. In addition, DNA strand breaks were attenuated when cells were pre-treated with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and oxidative base modifications were revealed when a lesion specific endonuclease, human 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) was introduced into the comet assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that BMP induces DNA strand breaks and oxidative base damage in UROtsa cells. Oxidative stress is a significant, determinant factor in mediating these DNA lesions. These early genotoxic events may, in part, contribute to BMP-induced carcinogenesis observed in rodents.

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“…1). The steric crowding of the halogen group of these bromoneopentyls provides DBNPG and TBNPA with relatively strong resistance to biodegradation and, indeed, both are classified as not readily biodegradable, having half-lives of more that 100 years (Ezra et al 2006). DBNPG is believed to be a human carcinogen, based on evidence of carcinogenicity from experimental studies in animals, while TBNPA is considered to cause aquatic environmental damage (Ezra 2005;EPA 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic biodegradation of the brominated flame retardants, dibromoneopentyl glycol and tribromoneopentyl alcohol

et al. 2009

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Halogenated organic compounds constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups of chemicals in the environment. Many of these compounds are toxic, persistent and, as a result of their often limited biodegradability, tend to bioaccumulate in the environment. Dibromoneopentyl glycol (DBNPG) and tribromoneopentyl alcohol (TBNPA) are brominated flame retardants commonly used as additives during the manufacture of plastic polymers and as chemical intermediates in the synthesis of other flame retardants. Both are classified as not readily biodegradable. In this paper, we demonstrate the biodegradation of both DBNPG and TBNPA by a common bacterial consortium under aerobic conditions in enrichment cultures containing yeast extract. DBNPG and TBNPA biodegradation is accompanied by a release of bromide into the medium, due to a biological debromination reaction. Molecular analysis of the clone library PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene was used to characterize the bacterial consortium involved in the biodegradation.

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Retardation of organo-bromides in a fractured chalk aquitard

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Scientific Opinion on Emerging and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food

Scientific Opinion on Emerging and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) in Food

Induction of DNA damage in human urothelial cells by the brominated flame retardant 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: Role of oxidative stress

Aerobic biodegradation of the brominated flame retardants, dibromoneopentyl glycol and tribromoneopentyl alcohol

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