Retention of the Immunological Proteins of Pasteurized Human Milk in Relation to Pasteurizer Design and Practice

Czank, Charles; Prime, Danielle K.; Hartmann, Benjamin; Simmer, Karen; Hartmann, Peter

doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181b4554a

Cited by 116 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For example, pasteurization completely inactivates all cellular components of milk, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. [3][4][5] Immunoglobulin A, and particularly immunoglobulin G are also significantly reduced, as are numerous other immunoactive components, such as lactoferrin, [6][7][8] lysozyme 7,9 and erythropoietin. 10 Some growth factors have been reported to be reduced by pasteurization, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulinlike growth factor-2, 11 whereas others like epidermal-like growth factor (EGF) 11 and transforming growth factor-b 12 appear capable of withstanding heat treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pasteurization on selected immune components of donated human breast milk

et al. 2011

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Objective: Pasteurized, donated milk is increasingly provided to preterm infants in the absence of mother's own milk. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pasteurization on the concentration of selected components in donated human breast milk.Study Design: Donated milk from 34 mothers was pooled into 17 distinct batches (4 mothers per batch). Aliquots of each batch were then Holder pasteurized (62.5 1C for 30 min). Interferon-g (IFN-g), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 were measured in a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were measured by ELISA. Lipids were assessed by gas chromatography and gangliosides by the resorcinol-HCl reaction.Result: IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-10 and HGF were significantly reduced by pasteurization (P<0.05). Gangliosides were not affected, but the proportion of medium-chain saturated fats was increased (P<0.05) with a trend towards a decreased proportion of oleic acid (P ¼ 0.057). Conclusion:Pasteurization significantly reduced the concentration of several immunoactive compounds present in breast milk, but did not have an impact on others.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pasteurization on selected immune components of donated human breast milk

et al. 2011

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“…Unlike breast milk, both DM and IF normally undergo various milk processing procedures. Examples of these processes include pasteurization and spray-drying, which are potentially damaging to protein-and peptide-based milk growth and immune factors, including IgA, IgG, IgM, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase (11,14,15,20,26,33,45).Performing randomized clinical trials with preterm infants is difficult, and the use of limited human colostrum for animal studies is equally difficult. We therefore used a well-established pig model of preterm infants (36) to investigate how the stage of lactation and milk processing would affect the bioactivity of BM to mature and protect the immature gut.…”

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confidence: 99%

Raw bovine milk improves gut responses to feeding relative to infant formula in preterm piglets

Jensen

Chatterton

et al. 2014

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Kvistgaard AS, Sangild PT. Raw bovine milk improves gut responses to feeding relative to infant formula in preterm piglets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 306: G81-G90, 2014. First published October 24, 2013 doi:10.1152 doi:10. /ajpgi.00255.2013 neonates, the quality of the first milk is crucial for intestinal maturation and resistance to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Among other factors, milk quality is determined by the stage of lactation and processing. We hypothesized that unprocessed mature bovine milk (BM; raw bovine milk) would have less bioactivity than corresponding bovine colostrum (BC) in a preterm pig model, but have improved bioactivity relative to its homogenized, pasteurized, spray-dried equivalent, whole milk powder (WMP), or a bovine milk proteinbased infant formula (IF). For 5 days, newborn preterm pigs received parenteral and enteral nutrition consisting of IF (n ϭ 13), BM (n ϭ 13), or BC (n ϭ 14). In a second study, WMP (n ϭ 15) was compared with IF (n ϭ 10) and BM (n ϭ 9). Compared with pigs fed IF, pigs that were fed BM had significantly improved intestinal structure (mucosal weight, villus height) and function (increased nutrient absorption and enzyme activities, decreased gut permeability, nutrient fermentation, and NEC severity). BC further improved these effects relative to BM (lactase activity, lactose absorption, plasma citrulline, and tissue interleukin-8). WMP induced similar effects as BM, except for lactase activity and lactose absorption. In conclusion, the maturational and protective effects on the immature intestine decreased in the order BCϾBMϾWMP, but all three intact bovine milk diets were markedly better than IF. The stage of lactation (colostrum vs. mature milk) and milk processing (e.g., homogenization, fractionation, pasteurization, spray-drying) are important factors in determining milk quality during the early postnatal period of preterm neonates. colostrum; mature milk; processing; preterm; intestinal maturation PRETERM NEONATES HAVE AN IMMATURE intestine that exhibits compromised nutrient absorption, reduced intestinal barrier function, and suboptimal immune responses toward microbes and food antigens (32). Consequently, preterm infants are very sensitive to enteral feeding and more prone to gastrointestinal complications, the most severe one of which is necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Early introduction of enteral feeding is beneficial for intestinal maturation and protection against NEC, but the quality of the diet may critically affect these positive effects. For example, the feeding of mother's milk matures the preterm gut and reduces the risk of NEC relative to bovine milk-based infant formula (IF) and possibly also banked donor milk (22,29,34,39,40). Donor milk (DM) is normally obtained at a relatively late stage of lactation, and therefore may not be appropriate as the first diet, when infants are supposed to receive mother's colostrum. Colostrum is the first milk after parturition (1-3 days) and contains trophic factors and immunoregulatory facto...

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“…[58][59][60] After pasteurization at 62.5°C for 30 minutes, only 39% of the original lactoferrin remains in the milk. 27 This major protein of human milk chelates free iron, which may assist in iron absorption by the infant, and iron chelation also inhibits bacterial growth. Thus, its biological functions range from antimicrobial activities against a large panel of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, to regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.…”

Section: Lactoferrinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only 72% of sIgA activity survives pasteurization at 62.5°C for 30 minutes. 27 When first detected in human milk, sIgA was considered the first protective line of defense against pathogens because of its involvement in extracellular neutralization of pathogen infectivity and its intracellular neutralization of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and viruses within epithelial cells. Human milk sIgA protects infants against human pathogens (Table 3); when sIgA specifically binds to a pathogen antigen, it renders the pathogen less infective.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human Milk Glycoproteins Protect Infants Against Human Pathogens

Liu

Newburg

2013

Breastfeeding Medicine

139

104

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Breastfeeding protects the neonate against pathogen infection. Major mechanisms of protection include human milk glycoconjugates functioning as soluble receptor mimetics that inhibit pathogen binding to the mucosal cell surface, prebiotic stimulation of gut colonization by favorable microbiota, immunomodulation, and as a substrate for bacterial fermentation products in the gut. Human milk proteins are predominantly glycosylated, and some biological functions of these human milk glycoproteins (HMGPs) have been reported. HMGPs range in size from 14 kDa to 2,000 kDa and include mucins, secretory immunoglobulin A, bile salt-stimulated lipase, lactoferrin, butyrophilin, lactadherin, leptin, and adiponectin. This review summarizes known biological roles of HMGPs that may contribute to the ability of human milk to protect neonates from disease.

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Retention of the Immunological Proteins of Pasteurized Human Milk in Relation to Pasteurizer Design and Practice

Cited by 116 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of pasteurization on selected immune components of donated human breast milk

Effect of pasteurization on selected immune components of donated human breast milk

Raw bovine milk improves gut responses to feeding relative to infant formula in preterm piglets

Human Milk Glycoproteins Protect Infants Against Human Pathogens

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