“…It is true that education has expanded at all levels (primary, secondary, and tertiary), but professional training has been geared toward administrative and managerial leadership and not necessarily the rank-and-file of public employees. Much more important, training tends to take bureaucratic and managerial perspectives, which emphasize knowledge of, and commitment to, narrow agency goals and objectives (Haruna 2004;Mills-Odoi Commission Report 1967). Shortterm and "in-plant" programs concentrate on solving or managing organizational problems at the expense of grappling with long-term institutional transformation.…”