“…While previous scales were developed based on existing “addiction” criteria (see Supplementary Table S1 ), they may not fully capture the current problems people face in relation to PSU (see a review, Nawaz, 2023 ), particularly issues specific to smartphone use like distracted driving and impaired productivity (e.g., D. Ding & Li, 2017 ; Fitch, Hanowski, & Guo, 2015 ; Jannusch et al., 2021 ; Oviedo-Trespalacios, Haque, King, & Washington, 2016 ). They also may not address general addiction-like features like compromised relationships and cognitive impairments (e.g., D. Ding & Li, 2017 ; Gutiérrez, de Fonseca, & Rubio, 2016 ; Wilmer, Sherman, & Chein, 2017 ).…”