Rethinking NGOization as Postfeminist Practice: Interstitial Intimacies and Negotiations of Neoliberal Subjectivity in Violence Prevention

Abstract

The decade of the 1990s marked the rise of postfeminism, a series of discursive, mediatized and intellectual interventions that furthered, but also broke away from, past forms of feminist theory and practice. This period also witnessed the global proliferation of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the “NGOization” of feminism, referring to the cooption and erasure of critical social movements. Beyond their temporal instantiation in the 1990s, postfeminism and NGOization converge and entangle in everyday practices of women’s NGOs and organizations. In this article, I examine such convergences and entanglements as they unfold in an NGO’s community-based program to prevent violence against women and girls in Mumbai’s urban poor neighborhoods. Such programs create new forms of femininity and womanhood among women who participate in interventions as frontline workers. These women navigate complex pressures of communitarian gender norms, disciplinary regimes of professionalization and quantification, and the vicarious harm of supporting survivors. Their affective caring labor, thus, is facilitated by and produces what I describe as interstitial intimacies, which problematize and embody key postfeminist claims, while engendering political actions and contestations under neoliberalism.

(Dis)empowering the feminine? Spatializing the interlace of gender‐class‐neoliberal managerialism in a women‐only café in India

“…However, we agree with the argument of the Global South studies that unlike in the Global North and in the Global South, neoliberalism spreads as a development strategy (Connell & Dados, 2014), mostly through NGOs claiming to empower the powerless, specifically marginalized women (Fernandes, 2006; Roy, 2019; For Indian examples: Chakraborty, 2021; Kalpagam, 2019). Yet, in certain settings (including ours) within the heterogeneous India, neoliberalism may be experienced as intersecting with managerialism, for example, through cultural or corporate paternalism which considers managerial disciplining for efficiency increase as leader's fatherly benefaction and commoditization of traditional ways as dutiful actions of the resourceful (read privileged) to save traditions, and by implication, its underprivileged practitioners (Sanchez, 2012).…”

“…Yet, in certain settings (including ours) within the heterogeneous India, neoliberalism may be experienced as intersecting with managerialism, for example, through cultural or corporate paternalism which considers managerial disciplining for efficiency increase as leader's fatherly benefaction and commoditization of traditional ways as dutiful actions of the resourceful (read privileged) to save traditions, and by implication, its underprivileged practitioners (Sanchez, 2012). Such local/traditional practices and discourses, for example, discursive use of durable regional stereotypes or essentialization, such as urban‐rural binary within our case, produce local hybrids of the global (ibid; Chakraborty, 2021) to the extent that the underprivileged simultaneously experiences some characteristics of global neoliberal capitalism, for example, job contractualization and related dispossession (as is our story) (Harvey, 2013).…”