Rethinking reproductive “tourism” as reproductive “exile”

Inhorn, Marcia C.; Patrizio, Pasquale

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.055

Cited by 184 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…With today"s technologies, such as the Internet, mobiles (Smartphones), iPads, the marketplace of medical tourism has become reachable for patients anywhere in the world. King [26] describes the marketplace as a location where buyers and providers agree on a transaction to occur; medical tourism services can be reached by patients through alternative resources: through their own initiative and research on communication technologies (internet), or with the help of travel agencies which provide facilitators who select the most appropriate medical destinations. However, with today"s technology, patients can learn about thousands of medical facilities and opportunities around the world, allowing them to make comparisons and choices based on the most efficient medical facilities that best suit their specific needs [27].…”

Section: Mode 4: Medical Tourism Encouraged By Us Healthcare Providermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past two decades, the theory and practice of service quality has attracted considerable attention from both theoretical and practical knowledge [39]. Perceived quality is defined as the consumer' judgment about the superiority or excellence of a product the degree and direction of discrepancy between customers' perceptions and expectations [26]. A measurement tool called SERVQUAL was developed by Parasuraman in order to evaluate service quality [40].…”

Section: Perceived Service Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework

Lajevardi¹

2016

J Tourism Hospit

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Section: Mode 4: Medical Tourism Encouraged By Us Healthcare Providermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Perceived Service Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework

Lajevardi¹

2016

J Tourism Hospit

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“…In regards to the latter term, however, Inhorn and Patrizio (2009) question the accuracy of the term 'crossborder reproductive care', which evokes an image of patients travelling for treatment, which is not necessarily true of all those who travel. Consider, for example, a heterosexual couple, where the female partner has had a hysterectomy and the male partner produces viable sperm, and where both travel to engage surrogacy services.…”

Section: Terminological Debatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘25 degrees of separation’ Versus the ‘ease of doing it closer to home’: Motivations to Offshore Surrogacy Arrangements Amongst Australian Citizens

Riggs¹

2015

Somatechnics

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At present, onshore commercial surrogacy is illegal in all Australian states and territories. By contrast, offshore commercial surrogacy is legal in all bar one territory and two states. As a result, significant numbers of Australian citizens undertake travel each year to enter into commercial surrogacy arrangements. The present paper reports on findings derived from interview data collected with 21 Australian citizens who had children through an offshore commercial surrogacy arrangement, either in India or the United States. Framed by an understanding of the vulnerability that arises from the demand of reproductive citizenship, the analysis focuses specifically on whether or not the participants would have entered into an onshore commercial surrogacy arrangement had this been legal at the time. The findings suggest that for some participants, undertaking surrogacy 'at a distance' was perceived to be safer and provided a degree of privacy, whilst for other participants surrogacy closer to home would have removed some of the more challenging aspects of offshore arrangements.With these findings in mind, the paper concludes by considering Millbank's (2014) suggestion that Australian states and territories should legalise onshore commercial surrogacy, and the barriers that may exist to the uptake of such potential legal change.

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“…This phenomenon has been referred to in various ways, such as ''reproductive tourism'', ''reproductive travel'', ''health travel'', ''reproductive exile'' [6,7], and ''crossborder reproductive care''. Among these terms, cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) is used in the present study to avoid stigmatization and to provide a neutral term.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitudes towards cross-border reproductive care among infertile Japanese patients

Hibino

Shimazono

Kambayashi

et al. 2013

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives The attitudes towards cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) held by infertile Japanese patients have not been explored. The objective of the present study was to examine interest levels, preferred destinations, motivations, and sources of information related to CBRC. Our findings provide a general outline of CBRC and the future of reproduction and assisted reproductive technology (ART) in Japan. Methods The study used a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 2,007 infertile Japanese patients from 65 accredited ART clinics in Japan (response rate, 27.4 %) via anonymous questionnaires. Results Most of the infertile Japanese patients who responded denied using CBRC. However, by group, 171 (8.5 %) patients in non-donor in vitro fertilization, 150 (7.5 %) in egg donation, 145 (7.2 %) in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, and 129 (6.4 %) in surrogacy said that, depending on the situation, they might travel abroad in the future. Older respondents were more likely to express an intention to travel overseas for egg donation in the future. The most popular destination for CBRC was the United States. Popular reasons for interest in CBRC among those considering or planning using this approach to third-party reproduction were that egg donation or surrogacy was unavailable or that obtaining ethical approval takes too long in Japan, whereas these processes are legal and affordable overseas. However, high cost was the most common reason for hesitancy regarding CBRC. Among the participants who were considering or planning to travel abroad for this purpose, TV, medical agencies, print media, and message boards on websites were popular sources of information, whereas doctors, friends, and patient self-help groups were not. Conclusions Although CBRC among infertile Japanese patients is not at present common, the demand for and use of this approach may increase in the future in the context of the increasingly aging population. Lack of regulation and unavailability of third-party reproduction is a major cause of CBRC among Japanese patients. Health care provider faces an urgent need for giving useful information for patients regarding CBRC.

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Rethinking reproductive “tourism” as reproductive “exile”

Cited by 184 publications

References 9 publications

A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework

A Comprehensive Perspective on Medical Tourism Context and Create a Conceptual Framework

‘25 degrees of separation’ Versus the ‘ease of doing it closer to home’: Motivations to Offshore Surrogacy Arrangements Amongst Australian Citizens

Attitudes towards cross-border reproductive care among infertile Japanese patients

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