Rethinking Spatial Data Quality: Pokémon Go as a Case Study of Location Spoofing

Zhao, Bo; Zhang, Shaozeng

doi:10.1080/00330124.2018.1479973

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…At the moment BSMD cannot be used to prevent malicious node from selling spoof location data. Detection of spoof GPS location data is still an open problem and may require invading the privacy of users [58]. For instance, [57] proposed digging into the social media of users and to detect the probability that the user is in a certain location.…”

Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-layered blockchain framework for smart mobility data-markets

López

Farooq

2020

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

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Blockchain has the potential to render the transaction of information more secure and transparent. Nowadays, transportation data are shared across multiple entities using heterogeneous mediums, from paper collected data to smartphone. Most of this data are stored in central servers that are susceptible to hacks. In some cases shady actors who may have access to such sources, share the mobility data with unwanted third parties. A multi-layered Blockchain framework for Smart Mobility Data-market (BSMD) is presented for addressing the associated privacy, security, management, and scalability challenges. Each participant shares their encrypted data to the blockchain network and can transact information with other participants as long as both parties agree to the transaction rules issued by the owner of the data. Data ownership, transparency, auditability and access control are the core principles of the proposed blockchain for smart mobility data-market. In a case study of real-time mobility data sharing, we demonstrate the performance of BSMD on a 370 nodes blockchain running on heterogeneous and geographically-separated devices communicating on a physical network. We also demonstrate how BSMD ensures the cybersecurity and privacy of individual by safeguarding against spoofing and message interception attacks and providing information access management control. Service 1 that "...(Waze will) share personal information with companies or organizations connected or affiliated with Waze...". So all the information collected by Waze could be shared with other organizations associated with Waze. However, the Terms of Service do not make it clear if the user can track with whom their information has been shared.Another point related to privacy is the access control of the information that is provided by the users. It was recently discovered that Google keeps collecting user location data even if they explicitly deactivate the tracking system in their mobiles [26]. Another example of disclosing information without the user's consent is the infamous Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal [9].The General Data Protection Regulation 2 (GDPR) is a step forward for privacy. Although the GDPR is valid only in the European Union, it is still expected to push multinational companies to be more transparent on how they manage people's private information. In the authors opinion, no matter how many rules and fines governments apply, given the current centralized ways of collecting people's data, some entities will always find a loophole in legislation or hackers will be able to tamper with these centralized data systems. In addition to laws, individuals have to have total control and ownership of their information. We need to be the guardians and responsible of our own privacy, unfortunately nowadays we have to trust third parties for that.Distributed ledger technologies like blockchain have the potential to give the people full control of their information, protect individual's personal mobility information and guard their privacy. The ...

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Section: Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-layered blockchain framework for smart mobility data-markets

López

Farooq

2020

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

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“…For smartphones, the spoofing mechanism can be divided into three steps, (1) blocking the positioning service of a smartphone to acquire the actual locational information, (2) generating inconsistent locational information, and (3) transmitting it to an operating LBSM app (e.g., Twitter, Facebook, Pokémon Go, etc.) on a smartphone (Zhao and Zhang 2018). As a result, the LBSM app mistakes the fake location as where the operating smartphone really is.…”

Section: Location Spoofingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Media and Social Awareness

Zhao

Nguyen

et al. 2019

Manual of Digital Earth

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The human behaviors and interactions on social media have maintained themselves as highly dynamic real-time social systems representing individual social awareness at fine spatial, temporal, and digital resolutions. In this chapter, we introduce the opportunities and challenges that human dynamics-centered social media bring to Digital Earth. We review the information diffusion of social media, the multi-faced implications of social media, and some real-world cases. Social media, on one hand, has facilitated the prediction of human dynamics in a wide spectrum of aspects, including public health, emergency response, decision making, and social equity promotion, and will also bring unintended challenges for Digital Earth, such as rumors and location spoofing on the other. Considering the multifaceted implications, this chapter calls for GIScientists to raise their awareness of the complex impacts of social media, to model the geographies of social media, and to understand ourselves as a unique species living both on the Earth and in Digital Earth. Keywords Social media • Human dynamics • Social awareness • Location spoofing 12.1 Introduction: Electronic Footprints on Digital Earth Geo-positioning system-enabled instruments can record and reveal personal awareness at fine spatial, temporal, and digital resolutions (Siła-Nowicka et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017; Ye and Liu 2019). With an exponential growth, human dynamics data are retrieved from location-aware devices, leading to a revolutionary research agenda regarding what happens where and when in the everyday lives of people in both real and virtual worlds (Batty 2013; Yao et al. 2019). Many location-based social media

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“…Spoofing is stigmatized in the United States and Europe, banned from groups, and usually not an open practice (Paavilainen et al, 2017; Zhao and Zhang, 2019). The practice, however, is mostly accepted both in Kenya and in Brazil.…”

Section: Dealing With Risks In Location-based Urban Playmentioning

confidence: 99%

Playful mobilities in the Global South: A study of Pokémon Go play in Rio de Janeiro and Nairobi

Silva¹,

Glover-Rijkse²,

Njathi

et al. 2021

New Media & Society

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Pokémon Go is the most popular location-based game worldwide. As a location-based game, Pokémon Go’s gameplay is connected to networked urban mobility. However, urban mobility differs significantly around the world. Large metropoles in South America and Africa, for example, experience ingrained social, cultural, and economic inequalities. With this in mind, we interviewed Pokémon Go players in two Global South cities, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Nairobi (Kenya), to understand how players navigate urban spaces not only based on gameplay but with broader concerns for safety. Our findings reveal that players negotiate their urban mobilities based on perceptions of risk and safety, choosing how to move around and avoiding areas known for violence and theft. These findings are relevant for understanding the social and political aspects of networked urban spaces as well as for investigating games as venues through which we can understand ordinary life, racial, gender, and socioeconomic inequalities.

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Rethinking Spatial Data Quality: Pokémon Go as a Case Study of Location Spoofing

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

A multi-layered blockchain framework for smart mobility data-markets

A multi-layered blockchain framework for smart mobility data-markets

Social Media and Social Awareness

Playful mobilities in the Global South: A study of Pokémon Go play in Rio de Janeiro and Nairobi

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