Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator: premovement electrical potentials

Tapia, Jesús Alonso; Trejo, Argelia; Linares, P.; Alva, J. Manuel; Kristeva, Rumyana; Manjarrez, Elı́as

doi:10.1002/phy2.129

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The magenta histogram in Figure 3A illustrates the mean latency between the functional DC-PPG signal of the brainstem (red triangle) versus the functional DC-PPG signal of the spinal cord (red triangle) for these two animals in 74 scratching episodes (mean latency = 1.7 ± 0.4 s). As expected, this latency between both DC-PPG signals is similar to the latency between the obex slow potential and the spinal cord DC-shift associated with the scratching episodes (see Tapia et al, 2013). All relevant data is contained within the manuscript.…”

Section: Second Type Of Experiment: Implementation Of the Functional supporting

confidence: 77%

“…With this idea, we performed experiments in seven adult cats (2.3-3.7 kg). Our experimental procedures are similar to those employed in previous reports from our group (Cuellar et al, 2009(Cuellar et al, , 2018Tapia et al, 2013;Meza et al, 2019). The animals were handled with care and introduced in a comfortable anesthesia-induction-box at a temperature of 22-29 • C and 40-70% relative humidity.…”

Section: Animal Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Hemodynamic Mass Action of a Central Pattern Generator

et al. 2020

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The hemodynamic response is a neurovascular and metabolic process in which there is rapid delivery of blood flow to a neuronal tissue in response to neuronal activation. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), for instance, are based on the physiological principles of such hemodynamic responses. Both techniques allow the mapping of active neuronal regions in which the neurovascular and metabolic events are occurring. However, although both techniques have revolutionized the neurosciences, they are mostly employed for neuroimaging of the human brain but not for the spinal cord during functional tasks. Moreover, little is known about other techniques measuring the hemodynamic response in the spinal cord. The purpose of the present study was to show for the first time that a simple optical system termed direct current photoplethysmography (DC-PPG) can be employed to detect hemodynamic responses of the spinal cord and the brainstem during the functional activation of the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). In particular, we positioned two DC-PPG systems directly on the brainstem and spinal cord during fictive scratching in the cat. The optical DC-PPG systems allowed the trialby-trial recording of massive hemodynamic signals. We found that the "strength" of the flexor-plus-extensor motoneuron activities during motor episodes of fictive scratching was significantly correlated to the "strengths" of the brainstem and spinal DC-PPG signals. Because the DC-PPG was robustly detected in real-time, we claim that such a functional signal reflects the hemodynamic mass action of the brainstem and spinal cord associated with the CPG motor action. Our findings shed light on an unexplored hemodynamic observable of the spinal CPGs, providing a proof of concept that the DC-PPG can be used for the assessment of the integrity of the human CPGs.

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Section: Second Type Of Experiment: Implementation Of the Functional supporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Animal Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hemodynamic Mass Action of a Central Pattern Generator

et al. 2020

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“…In 2013, Tapia et al suggested that arousal state was related to muscular activation which was mediated by the descending reticular activating system. 18 Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate injury of the lower portion of the ARAS between the pontine RF and the ILN in patients with mild TBI. Nevertheless, limitations of this study should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Injury of the Ascending Reticular Activating System in Patients With Fatigue and Hypersomnia Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Jang

Kwon

2016

Medicine

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We report on patients with post-traumatic fatigue and hypersomnia who showed injury of the lower portion of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) between the pontine reticular formation (RF) and the intralaminar thalamic nucleus (ILN) following mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT).Two patients with mild TBI resulting from a car accident were enrolled in this study. Patient 1 was a 51-year-old woman showed abnormalities as 6.9 (cut off: 3.7 points) and 18 (cut off: 10) on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale at 11 months after onset. Patient 2 was a 64-year-old woman who revealed abnormalities on the Fatigue Severity Scale and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale with 6.8 and 19 at 3 months after onset.In both patients, the upper ARAS in which the neural connectivity of the ILN to the cerebral cortex did not show significant abnormalities. However, we observed the narrowing of the left dorsal lower ARAS between the pontine RF and the ILN in both patients and the tearing (patient 1) and narrowing (patient 2) of the left ventral lower ARAS between the pontine RF and the hypothalamus.Injuries of the dorsal and ventral lower ARAS were demonstrated in patients with fatigue and hypersomnia following mild TBI. We believe that these injuries of the ARAS might be a pathogenetic mechanism of fatigue and hypersomnia in patients with TBI.

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“…In addition, descending tracts involving the bulbar reticular activating system that were not injured could contribute in the successful rehabilitation. [ 26 ] Second, we examined the main causes of gait inability in this patient (severe physical deconditioning and truncal ataxia) and designed an intensive rehabilitation program to resolve these problems within 2 months. At the start of rehabilitation, the patient could not even sit independently; however, after rehabilitation, the patient was able to walk independently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed regaining of gait ability in a patient with brain injury

Jang

Kwon²

2016

Medicine

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Background:Little is known about delay in regaining gait ability at a chronic stage after brain injury. In this study, we report on a single patient who regained the gait ability during 2 months of intensive rehabilitation starting 2 years after a brain injury.Methods and results:A 40-year-old male patient diagnosed with viral encephalitis underwent comprehensive rehabilitation until 2 years after onset. However, he could not even sit independently and presented with severe physical deconditioning and severe ataxia. To understand his neurological state, 4 neural tracts related to gait function were reconstructed, and based on the state of these neural tracts, we decided that the patient had the neurological potential to walk independently. Therefore, we assumed that the main reasons for gait inability in this patient were severe physical deconditioning and truncal ataxia. Consequently, the patient underwent the following intensive rehabilitative therapy: administration of drugs for control of ataxia (topiramate, clonazepam, and propranolol) and movement therapy for physical conditioning and gait training. As a result, after 2 months of rehabilitation, he was able to walk independently on an even floor, with improvement of severe physical deconditioning and truncal ataxia.Conclusion:We described the rehabilitation program in a single patient who regained the gait ability during 2 months of intensive rehabilitation starting 2 years after a brain injury.

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Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator: premovement electrical potentials

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

The Hemodynamic Mass Action of a Central Pattern Generator

The Hemodynamic Mass Action of a Central Pattern Generator

Injury of the Ascending Reticular Activating System in Patients With Fatigue and Hypersomnia Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Delayed regaining of gait ability in a patient with brain injury

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