Retinal diseases classification based on hybrid ensemble deep learning and optical coherence tomography images

Abstract

<abstract> <p>Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution imaging technique widely used in clinical practice to depict the structure of the retina. Over the past few decades, ophthalmologists have used OCT to diagnose, monitor, and treat retinal diseases. However, manual analysis of the complicated retinal layers using two colors, black and white, is time consuming. Although ophthalmologists have more experience, their results may be prone to erroneous diagnoses. Therefore, in this study, we propose an automatic method for diagnosing five retinal diseases based on the use of hybrid and ensemble deep learning (DL) methods. DL extracts a thousand constitutional features from images as features for training classifiers. The machine learning method classifies the extracted features and fuses the outputs of the two classifiers to improve classification performance. The distribution probabilities of two classifiers of the same class are aggregated; then, class prediction is made using the class with the highest probability. The limited dataset is resolved by the fine-tuning of classification knowledge and generating augmented images using transfer learning and data augmentation. Multiple DL models and machine learning classifiers are used to access a suitable model and classifier for the OCT images. The proposed method is trained and evaluated using OCT images collected from a hospital and exhibits a classification accuracy of 97.68% (InceptionResNetV2, ensemble: Extreme gradient boosting (XG-Boost) and k-nearest neighbor (k-NN). The experimental results show that our proposed method can improve the OCT classification performance; moreover, in the case of a limited dataset, the proposed method is critical to develop accurate classifications.</p> </abstract>

Stitched vision transformer for age-related macular degeneration detection using retinal optical coherence tomography images

“…Furthermore, in this study, to overcome the problem of lack of multi-modal data, a generative adversarial network (GAN) is designed and used. In [ 58 ], using the Inception ResNet-v2 model as an image feature extractor and combining classical classifiers, the classification process has been performed on the dataset of OCT images with five classes. Khan et al in [ 59 ] employed a method based on the use of pre-trained models of DenseNet201, Inception-v3, and ResNet50 neural networks, in which after optimizing the features extracted with the help of neural networks, k-nearest neighbors (KNN) and SVM classifiers are ultimately used to determine the class of each item.…”