Retinal Functions of Young Dogs Are Improved and Maternal Plasma Phospholipids Are Altered with Diets Containing Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Gestation, Lactation, and after Weaning

Bauer, John E.; Heinemann, Kimberly M.; Lees, George E.; Waldron, Mark K.

doi:10.1093/jn/136.7.1991s

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…29 Long-chain n-3 PUFA in dogs have been recently studied; puppies that consume milk from dogs fed diets supplemented with long-chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and are then weaned onto the mothers’ diet had better visual acuity at 12 weeks of age than puppies fed a nonsupplemented control diet. 30 Results of other studies 31,32 suggest that puppies fed a DHA-supplemented diet after weaning had faster learning, improved cognition, and better memory than puppies fed unsupplemented diets. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that puppies fed a milk replacer deficient in DHA and ARA may have deficits in neural, retinal, and overall development in comparison to puppies raised on dog milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Heinze¹,

Freeman²,

Martin

et al. 2014

javma

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Objective-To compare the nutrient composition of commercially available dog milk replacers with that of dog milk.Design-Prospective, cross-sectional study. Sample-5 dog milk samples and 15 samples of commercial dog milk replacers.Procedures-Dog milk and milk replacers were analyzed for concentrations of total protein, essential amino acids, sugars, total fat, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus. Energy density was calculated. Results from milk replacers were compared with the range of the concentration of each nutrient in milk samples from mature dogs as well as the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations for puppy growth.Address correspondence to Dr. Heinze (cailin.heinze@tufts.edu). e puppylac Milk Replacer for Puppies powder, Glo-Marr Products Inc, Lawrencebug, Ky. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptResults-Milk replacers varied widely in caloric density and concentration of nutrients such as calcium, protein, and fat. Calcium concentration was lower in 14 of 15 milk replacers than in the dog milk samples. Docosahexaenoic acid was undetectable in 12 of 15 milk replacers but present in all dog milk samples. All milk replacers had numerous essential nutrients outside of the range of the dog milk samples, and many had concentrations of amino acids, essential fatty acids, calcium, and phosphorus less than the NRC minimal requirement or recommended allowance. Compared with NRC recommendations, some dog milk samples had concentrations of total protein, linoleic acid, calcium, or phosphorus less than the recommended allowance.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggested that there was substantial variation in nutrient composition of 15 dog milk replacers and that some products were closer approximations of dog milk than others. Nearly all products would benefit from more appropriate calcium, amino acids, and essential fatty acids concentrations and better feeding directions.Commercial milk replacers for puppies have been available for decades and are commonly used for rearing orphans, for ill or weakened neonates, to supplement dog milk for large litters, and to mix with commercial puppy diets during the weaning process. Numerous products are available, but unlike other pet foods, the nutritional adequacy standards these products are expected to meet are not clearly defined. These factors make it difficult for pet owners and veterinarians to select appropriate milk replacers for their needs. Indeed, there is evidence that dog milk replacers may be quite variable in essential macronutrient and mineral concentrations among specific products and in comparison to dog milk. [1][2][3] However, the authors are unaware of any recent studies investigating the essential nutrient composition of a wide range of milk replacer products available in the United States, compared with contemporaneously analyzed dog milk, and this information is critical to allow educated decisions to be made on product use.Fatty acid composition of milk replacer...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Heinze¹,

Freeman²,

Martin

et al. 2014

javma

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“…Indeed, the importance of long-chain PUFA for visual, cognitive, behavioral, and central nervous system developments has received great interest in humans (review by Heird and Lapillonne, 2005). It was also demonstrated that feeding long-chain PUFA to gestating and lactating bitches results in improved visual performance of their puppies (Bauer et al, 2006). Furthermore, increasing n-3 PUFA in the diet of gestating and lactating sows affected behavioral development of their piglets (Gunnarsson et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary supplementation with different forms of flax in late gestation and lactation: Effects on sow and litter performances, endocrinology, and immune response1,2

Farmer

Giguère

Lessard

2010

Journal of Animal Science

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The impact of feeding flax as seed, meal, or oil to late-pregnant and lactating sows on hormone concentrations, immune responses, and sow and litter performances was studied. Sixty sows were fed 1 of 4 diets from 68 d of gestation until 21 d of lactation. Diets were standard (CTL; n = 15); 10% flaxseed supplementation (FS; n = 16); 6.5% flaxseed meal supplementation (FSM; n = 14); and 3.5% flaxseed oil supplementation (FSO, n = 15). On d 88 and 101 of gestation, sows were immunized against ovalbumin (OVA). Jugular blood samples were obtained on d 62, 88, and 110 of gestation and on d 2 and 21 of lactation to measure concentrations of estradiol, prolactin, and progesterone as well as antibody (Ab) against OVA (anti-OVA), lymphocyte proliferation, and lymphocyte production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Milk samples were obtained on d 3 and 20 of lactation. One piglet per litter was slaughtered on d 1 for compositional analyses, and a jugular blood sample was obtained for anti-OVA analyses. Remaining piglets were weighed on d 2, 7, 14, 21 (weaning), 28, and 56. Circulating hormone concentrations in sows were not affected by treatment overall (P > 0.1). On d 20 of lactation, milk from FS, FSM, and FSO sows had more protein than that from CTL sows (P < 0.01). The FSM piglets weighed more on d 56 (P < 0.05) than FS and FSO piglets. Carcasses of 1-d-old FSM piglets also had greater glycogen (P < 0.001) and DM (P = 0.05) contents than FS and FSO piglets, but organ weights and circulating concentrations of glucose and IGF-I did not differ (P > 0.1). In CTL sows, IFN-gamma production decreased between d 101 of gestation and d 2 of lactation, whereas, in FS sows, IFN-gamma production increased (P < 0.01). Anti-OVA for the whole experimental period was greater in FS than in FSO sows (P < 0.05). Concentrations of anti-OVA in milk on d 3 of lactation and lymphocyte proliferative responses were not affected by treatments (P > 0.1). Serum concentrations of anti-OVA in 2-d-old piglets that gained BW during the first 24 h after birth were greater (P < 0.01) in FS, FSM, and FSO litters than in CTL litters and percent mortality on d 2 and 21 postpartum was less (P < 0.05) for FS, FSM, and FSO litters compared with CTL. Therefore, feeding flax to sows may have beneficial effects on immune resistance of piglets and feeding FSM improved postweaning growth of piglets.

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“…31,32 In human fetuses, AA and DHA rapidly accumulate in brain and retinal tissues during the latter half of gestation and together make up approximately 50% of the total fatty acids found in the brain's grey matter. The two fatty acids of greatest significance are arachidonic acid (AA), derived from linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), derived from alpha-linolenic acid.…”

Section: Docosahexaenoic Acidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth

Case¹

2011

Canine and Feline Nutrition

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Retinal Functions of Young Dogs Are Improved and Maternal Plasma Phospholipids Are Altered with Diets Containing Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Gestation, Lactation, and after Weaning

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Comparison of the nutrient composition of commercial dog milk replacers with that of dog milk

Dietary supplementation with different forms of flax in late gestation and lactation: Effects on sow and litter performances, endocrinology, and immune response1,2

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