Retinal Neurodegeneration Measured With Optical Coherence Tomography and Neuroimaging in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background:Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has enabled several retinal alterations to be detected in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), alterations that could be potential biomarkers. However, the relationship between the retina and other biomarkers of AD has been underresearched. We gathered and analyzed the literature about the relationship between retinal and cerebral alterations detected via neuroimaging in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and preclinical AD.Methods:This systematic review followed the PRISMA Statement guidelines through the 27 items on its checklist. We searched in PubMed, BVS, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, using the keywords: Alzheimer's disease, optical coherence tomography, white matter, cortex, atrophy, cortical thickness, neuroimaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. We included articles that studied the retina in relation to neuroimaging in patients with AD, MCI, and preclinical AD. We excluded studies without OCT, without neuroimaging, clinical cases, opinion articles, systematic reviews, and animal studies.Results:Of a total of 35 articles found, 23 were finally included. Although mixed results were found, most of these corroborate the relationship between retinal and brain disorders.Conclusions:More rigorous research is needed in the field, including homogenized, longitudinal, and prolonged follow-up studies, as well as studies that include all stages of AD. This will enable better understanding of the retina and its implications in AD, leading to the discovery of retinal biomarkers that reflect brain alterations in AD patients in an accessible and noninvasive manner.

Five‐year changes in macular thickness in the elderly population: A cohort study

“…Change in retinal morphology is a useful biomarker for diagnosing systemic, 1 neurodegenerative, 2,3 and ocular diseases 4 . Despite the vital role of the retina in vision and its changes in various diseases, there is little information about the retinal thickness profile and its longitudinal changes in the healthy population.…”