2022
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062922
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Retinal Organoids and Retinal Prostheses: An Overview

Abstract: Despite the progress of modern medicine in the last decades, millions of people diagnosed with retinal dystrophies (RDs), such as retinitis pigmentosa, or age-related diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, are suffering from severe visual impairment or even legal blindness. On the one hand, the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the progress of three-dimensional (3D) retinal organoids (ROs) technology provide a great opportunity to study, understand, and… Show more

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Cited by 17 publications
(12 citation statements)
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References 159 publications
(217 reference statements)
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“…The remaining neural portion of the retina (bipolar and ganglion cells), however, remains anatomically and functionally intact beyond the death of PRs (Strettoi and Pignatelli, 2000;Chang et al, 2002). This has led to the development of various therapeutic strategies, such as implanting stem cells to replace lost PRs (Bellapianta et al, 2022;Li et al, 2013), retinal prostheses electrically activating the remaining neural retina (Weiland and Humayun, 2014), or the use of synthetic photoswitchable ligands (Polosukhina et al, 2012) or optogenetic proteins that turn bipolar or ganglion cells into light-sensitive "replacement photoreceptors" (Bi et al, 2006;Lagali et al, 2008;Cehajic-Kapetanovic et al, 2015;van Wyk et al, 2015;Sengupta et al, 2016;Berry et al, 2019). Two optogenetic gene therapies aiming to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in retinal ganglion cells-the output neurons of the retina-have recently entered clinical trial to restore vision in patients suffering from advanced RP (NCT02556736 and NCT03326336).…”
Section: Open Access Edited Bymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The remaining neural portion of the retina (bipolar and ganglion cells), however, remains anatomically and functionally intact beyond the death of PRs (Strettoi and Pignatelli, 2000;Chang et al, 2002). This has led to the development of various therapeutic strategies, such as implanting stem cells to replace lost PRs (Bellapianta et al, 2022;Li et al, 2013), retinal prostheses electrically activating the remaining neural retina (Weiland and Humayun, 2014), or the use of synthetic photoswitchable ligands (Polosukhina et al, 2012) or optogenetic proteins that turn bipolar or ganglion cells into light-sensitive "replacement photoreceptors" (Bi et al, 2006;Lagali et al, 2008;Cehajic-Kapetanovic et al, 2015;van Wyk et al, 2015;Sengupta et al, 2016;Berry et al, 2019). Two optogenetic gene therapies aiming to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in retinal ganglion cells-the output neurons of the retina-have recently entered clinical trial to restore vision in patients suffering from advanced RP (NCT02556736 and NCT03326336).…”
Section: Open Access Edited Bymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To restore the best possible eyesight, the implants should be selected with care after examining the patient's condition. Due to the extracranial location and simpler construction, RP implanting operations can cover the complete visual field with implants in a single eye with relative ease [4][5][6][7][8]. The RP converts images captured by an external camera system into electrical signals that are transmitted to electrodes on the retina in order to administer electrical stimulations to the nerve [4,[7][8][9][10].…”
Section: Visual Rehabilitationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Different therapeutic approaches are employed at early stages of the disease progression, such as gene replacement therapy and pharmacological treatment [ 2 , 3 ]. During the later stages of retinal degeneration, where many photoreceptors are lost, optogenetic therapy, stem cell therapy and retinal prostheses are promising strategies to restore vision in retinal dystrophy patients [ 2 , 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, the silicon-based PRIMA implant is another device being tested in clinical trials [ 9 ]. Nevertheless, organic semiconductors have gained great attention in recent years as potential materials for organic electronic devices owing to their photovoltaic properties, transparency, mechanical flexibility, conformability and presumed biocompatibility [ 4 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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