Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. II. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in GCL

Blanks, Janet C.; Schmidt, Susan Y.; Torigoe, Yasuhiro; Porrello, K; Hinton, David R.; Blanks, Robert H. I.

doi:10.1016/0197-4580(96)00009-7

Cited by 261 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…93 Neuronal loss appeared most prominent in the superior and inferior quadrants. 94 These findings are consistent with the clinical case-control series reported above of greater loss in the superior and inferior quadrants in AD patients compared with controls. Not all studies, Glaucoma, the RNFL and neurodegenerative diseases E Jones-Odeh and CJ Hammond however, have found significant RGC loss or optic neuropathy in AD.…”

Section: The Ganglion Cell Layer In Adsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…93 Neuronal loss appeared most prominent in the superior and inferior quadrants. 94 These findings are consistent with the clinical case-control series reported above of greater loss in the superior and inferior quadrants in AD patients compared with controls. Not all studies, Animal disease models of AD and the GCL Liu et al 69 used the single transgenic mouse model Tg2576 containing an APP mutant gene, which results in agedependent cognitive deficits along with deposits of extracellular AB and amyloid plaques in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus.…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

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How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

Jones-Odeh

Hammond

2015

Eye

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Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder with established relationships with ocular structures such as the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Ocular imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) allow for quantitative measurement of these structures. OCT has been used in the monitoring of glaucoma, as well as investigating other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we highlight the association between these disorders and ocular structures (RNFL and GCL), examining their usefulness as biomarkers of neurodegeneration. The average RNFL thickness loss in patients with AD is 11 μm, and 7 μm in MS patients. Most of the studies investigating these changes are cross-sectional. Further longitudinal studies are required to assess sensitivity and specificity of these potential ocular biomarkers to neurodegenerative disease progression. Eye (2015Eye ( ) 29, 1270Eye ( -1284 doi:10.1038/eye.2015; published online 4 September 2015 IntroductionGlaucoma is a neurodegenerative optic neuropathy manifesting with progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and axonal loss, which can result in visual field defects and blindness because of permanent cellular and neuronal damage. Subjective clinical examination of the optic nerve head (ONH) allows for assessment and monitoring of the structural changes associated with glaucoma. However, objective detection of defects in the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) by ophthalmoscopy is difficult. The relationship between glaucoma progression and the structural changes observed at the ONH, RGC layer, and RNFL in glaucoma is well established. [1][2][3][4] Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is vital to maintain visual field, as loss of RGCs is irreversible, 5 and even before any detectable visual field defects, there is a substantial loss of RGCs. Morphological abnormalities can develop 3-5 years before any functional loss is detected. 6 Since the introduction of ocular imaging techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements have been used for the detection and monitoring of glaucoma. 7,8 However, the use of OCT has extended beyond RNFL measurements for glaucoma, and has also been used in the investigation of other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) 9-11 and multiple sclerosis (MS). [12][13][14] In addition, given the similarities of brain and retinal foetal angiogenesis, 15,16 retinal microvasculature has also been investigated as a biomarker of changes in cerebral vasculature and cognitive decline. [17][18][19] In this review, we examine the relationships between glaucoma, neurodegenerative disease, and cognitive impairment, and the use of RNFL thickness and RGC loss as potential ocular biomarkers for neurodegenerative disorders such as AD and MS. We review the strength of associations between RNFL and RGC and Eye (2015Eye ( ) 29, 1270Eye ( -1284Eye ( © 2015 Macmillan Publis...

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Section: The Ganglion Cell Layer In Adsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…93 Neuronal loss appeared most prominent in the superior and inferior quadrants. 94 These findings are consistent with the clinical case-control series reported above of greater loss in the superior and inferior quadrants in AD patients compared with controls. Not all studies, Animal disease models of AD and the GCL Liu et al 69 used the single transgenic mouse model Tg2576 containing an APP mutant gene, which results in agedependent cognitive deficits along with deposits of extracellular AB and amyloid plaques in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus.…”

supporting

confidence: 82%

How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

Jones-Odeh

Hammond

2015

Eye

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“…Similar results were referred by Blanks et al (46); the same authors also noted that the greatest decrease in neuronal density happened in the foveal region, with the temporal region of the central retina being most severely affected (47). These authors also referred to an extensive loss of neurons mainly in the superior and inferior quadrants and an increased astrocyte/neuron ratio (48). In the optic nerve, Wang et al (49) found the increased expression of the advanced glycation end products that were involved in the pathogenesis of the AD mediating the transport of the Aβ.…”

Section: Pathology In Humanssupporting

confidence: 74%

Ocular and Visual Manifestation of the Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review, Part I: Animal Models and Human Pathology

Raudino

2018

Arch Neurosci

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Context: The retina is a part of the Central Nervous System that is easy to study. The visual disturbances are frequent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and sometimes, the AD begins with visual symptoms. This paper aims to review the existing literature on the involvement of the eye in the AD. In this first part, the animal models and the pathology in humans were examined. Evidence Acquisition: The Medline literature until March 2018 was surveyed. Results: Both animal models and pathological studies in humans demonstrate the impairment of the visual system in the AD, often in the early stages. Conclusions: A frequent and sometimes early involvement of the visual system was demonstrated but new studies are needed in order to investigate the degree of the visual impairment and in the animal models, the importance of the visual deficits in evaluating the cognitive deficits.

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“…Hinton et al first provided histopathological evidence of optic neuropathy and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in patients with AD, with a reduced number of RGCs and reduced retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness [23]. Later, post-mortem studies showed that degeneration of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) occurs preferentially in superior and inferior quadrants, as well as in the central retina, in particular the temporal foveal region [24,25]. Initially, a preferential loss of magnocellular RGC axons in the optic nerve was described [26], but other evidence suggests parvocellular RGC axon loss also takes place in AD [17].…”

Section: Pathological Changes In the Retina And Optic Nervementioning

confidence: 99%

Alzheimer’s disease: A review of its visual system neuropathology. Optical coherence tomography—a potential role as a study tool in vivo

Cunha

Moura-Coelho

Proença

et al. 2016

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent, long-term progressive degenerative disorder with great social impact. It is currently thought that, in addition to neurodegeneration, vascular changes also play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Visual symptoms are frequent and are an early clinical manifestation; a number of psychophysiologic changes occur in visual function, including visual field defects, abnormal contrast sensitivity, abnormalities in color vision, depth perception deficits, and motion detection abnormalities. These visual changes were initially believed to be solely due to neurodegeneration in the posterior visual pathway. However, evidence from pathology studies in both animal models of AD and humans has demonstrated that neurodegeneration also takes place in the anterior visual pathway, with involvement of the retinal ganglion cells' (RGCs) dendrites, somata, and axons in the optic nerve. These studies additionally showed that patients with AD have changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature. Pathology findings have been corroborated in in-vivo assessment of the retina and optic nerve head (ONH), as well as the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in particular has shown great utility in the assessment of these changes, and it may become a useful tool for early detection and monitoring disease progression in AD. The authors make a review of the current understanding of retinal and choroidal pathological changes in patients with AD, with particular focus on invivo evidence of retinal and choroidal neurodegenerative and microvascular changes using OCT technology.

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Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. II. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in GCL

Cited by 261 publications

References 40 publications

How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

How strong is the relationship between glaucoma, the retinal nerve fibre layer, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis?

Ocular and Visual Manifestation of the Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review, Part I: Animal Models and Human Pathology

Alzheimer’s disease: A review of its visual system neuropathology. Optical coherence tomography—a potential role as a study tool in vivo

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