Retinal Toxicity of Acai Fruit (<i>Euterpe Oleracea</i>) Dye Concentrations in Rabbits: Basic Principles of a New Dye for Chromovitrectomy in Humans

Caiado, Rafael Ramos; Peris, Cristiane S.; Lima-Filho, Acácio Alves Souza; Urushima, Joao Guilherme Palma; Novais, Eduardo Amorim; Badaró, Emmerson; Maia, André; Sinigaglia‐Coimbra, Rita; Watanabe, Sung Eun Song; Rodrigues, Eduardo B; Farah, Michel Eid; Maia, Maurício

doi:10.1080/02713683.2017.1297995

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A total of 60 publications were identified in the databases; however, 31 were duplicate articles. Among the 29 articles selected, 20 were excluded based on the titles and abstracts because they did not meet the inclusion criteria: 2 were literature reviews [ 7 , 24 ]; 6 did not study açaí in an animal model of cancer and/or did not perform a toxicological analysis [ 25 – 30 ]; 10 were in vitro studies [ 13 , 20 , 31 – 38 ]; and 2 did not use the order Rodentia [ 21 , 39 ]. After reading the full texts 9 articles were included for their critical evaluations of the safety and effectiveness of açaí in animal experimental models [ 40 – 48 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, açaí has been shown to have pharmacological properties including antiinflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective and anticancer activities [ 1 , 7 – 9 , 18 , 19 ]. Furthermore, açaí was not shown to be genotoxic in vitro and in vivo studies conducted, in cultured human lymphocytes and hepatoma cell lines [ 20 ], in rodents [ 21 ] and in humans [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (açaí): A systematic review

et al. 2018

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Cancer is an increasingly frequent malignancy worldwide, and despite the advances in drug development, it is still necessary to develop new plant-derived medicines. Euterpe oleracea (açaí) is abundant in South and Central America and has health benefits due to its high levels of phytochemicals, including lignans and polyphenols. The aim of this review was to systematically describe the safety and antitumor effects of açaí in preclinical models using rodents to provide a more comprehensive assessment of açaí for both therapeutic uses and the development of future clinical studies in cancer. Eligible studies were identified using four international databases (PubMed, Medline, Lilacs and SciELO) from their inception date through December 2017. The included studies were analyzed with methodological rigor (QATRS) to enable better quality control for these experimental studies. Sixty publications were identified in the databases, but only 9 articles were eligible: 6 evaluated the pharmacological effects of açaí in animal models of cancer (1 model each of esophageal cancer, urothelial cancer, melanoma and Walker-256 tumor and 2 models of colon cancer), and 3 were toxicological assays using preclinical models with rodents. Overall, 747 animals were analyzed. On a QATRS score scale of 0–20, the quality of the studies ranged from 16 to 20 points. Pulp was the main fraction of açaí administered, and an oral administration route was most common. The açaí dosage administered by gavage ranged from 30 mg/kg to 40,000 mg/kg, and açaí fed in the diet accounted for 2.5% to 5% of the diet. The anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive activities of açaí were observed in all experimental models of cancer and reduced the incidence, tumor cell proliferation, multiplicity and size of the tumors due to the antiinflammatory, antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of açaí. No genotoxic effects were observed after açaí administration. The results of this review suggest that açaí is safe and can be used as a chemoprotective agent against cancer development. Açaí therapy may be a novel strategy for treating cancer.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (açaí): A systematic review

et al. 2018

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“…The lyophilized dye solutions were stored in depyrogenized amber flasks based on our previous results that anthocyanin molecules are highly unstable and light exposure might modify the staining capacity of the dye [ 9 ]. The anthocyanins were then analytically characterized by mass spectrometry.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017, our research group found that the 10% and 25% concentrations of the acai dye were safe when used in a rabbit model [ 9 ]. In this study, rabbits were injected intravitreously with the acai dye in three concentrations: 10%, 25%, and 35%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Anthocyanins Extracted from the Acai Fruit (Euterpe oleracea): A Potential Novel Vital Dye for Chromovitrectomy

Peris

Caiado

Lima-Filho

et al. 2018

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose To classify and quantify anthocyanins in a vital dye extracted from the acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea), adjust pH and osmolarity, and perform lyophilization to develop a new chromovitrectomy dye. Methods Three dye concentrations 10%, 25%, and 35% (equivalent to 100, 250, and 350 mg of lyophilized acai fruit pulp extract samples) were evaluated when diluted in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered solution (pH 7 and 300 mOsm). The dye was analyzed by mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify anthocyanins molecules. Results The pH and osmolarity correction and lyophilization were performed without damaging the anthocyanin molecular structure. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of five anthocyanins in the three concentrations of the dye. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was the major anthocyanin found. HPLC showed that the concentration of anthocyanin was similar, independent of the dye concentration tested. Conclusions Lyophilization and the correction of pH and osmolarity (7.00 and 300 mOsm, resp.) were performed successfully. Five anthocyanins are present in the dye from the acai fruit. The major anthocyanin is cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Independent of the dye concentration tested, the anthocyanin concentration was similar. Standardized chemical characteristics of this new dye may allow its use during chromovitrectomy in humans.

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“…Acai fruit is the most promising of a group of naturally occurring dyes that have recently been investigated. 117,118 It is a purple-colored anthocyanin dye that preferentially stains the ILM and recently underwent human trial (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02691429) with the results yet to be published.…”

Section: Investigational Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vital Dyes in Vitreomacular Surgery

Bracha¹,

Ciulla²,

Baumal³

2018

Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina

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Vital dyes contain complex molecules with chromophores that stain living tissues and have greatly enhanced identification and removal of transparent vitreoretinal tissues during surgery. Several "chromovitrectomy" dyes are frequently used by vitreoretinal specialists, including indocyanine green, trypan blue, brilliant blue G and triamcinolone acetonide; other dyes are also under investigation. Currently available chromovitrectomy dyes have their limitations, and of particular concern is their possibility for acute and chronic toxicity to the neurosensory retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. The potentially irreversible acute toxicity and other limitations, such as lack of long-term safety profiles, highlight the need for a review of the current literature and for further advancements.

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Retinal Toxicity of Acai Fruit (Euterpe Oleracea) Dye Concentrations in Rabbits: Basic Principles of a New Dye for Chromovitrectomy in Humans

Abstract: Ten and twenty-five percent concentrations were safe and may improve identification of the posterior hyaloid and internal limiting membrane during chromovitrectomy in humans.

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (açaí): A systematic review

Anticancer potential, molecular mechanisms and toxicity of Euterpe oleracea extract (açaí): A systematic review

Analysis of Anthocyanins Extracted from the Acai Fruit (Euterpe oleracea): A Potential Novel Vital Dye for Chromovitrectomy

Vital Dyes in Vitreomacular Surgery

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