Retinal Vein Occlusion: Late Complication of a Congenital Arteriovenous Anomaly

Salati, Carlo; Ferrari, Ettore; Basile, Renato; Virgili, Gianni; Menchini, Ugo

doi:10.1159/000048316

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A case of self-regression was also reported [41]. However, previous reports indicated that vessel dilation and elongation would occur over time in previously normal vessels [42] and that visual impairment would occur because of late ocular complications, particularly ischemic complications [14,17,21]. The current study found that RVO is the most common complication of RRH.…”

Section: Case Presentationsupporting

confidence: 48%

Retinal vein occlusion in retinal racemose hemangioma: a case report and literature review of ocular complications in this rare retinal vascular disorder

2014

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BackgroudRetinal racemose hemangioma (RRH) is a rare congenital disorder that often co-occurs with other ocular complications. In this study, we present a case of RRH complicated with retinal vein obstruction in three branches and provide a review of ocular complications and associations with RRH.Case presentationOne case of RRH is presented. Fundus examination, fluorescein angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the patient identified Group 3 RRH complicated with retinal vein occlusions in the superotemporal, inferotemporal, and inferonasal branches. Macular edema, which causes visual impairment, was detected. A brief literature review was also presented. The PubMed database was searched for RRH or related keywords to find reports of ocular complications or associations published on or before Dec. 31, 2013. A total of 140 papers describing167 RRH cases were found. The mean age of diagnosis was 22.97 years. Ocular complications were mentioned in 32 (19.16%) cases. Retinal vein occlusion (46.88%) was the major ocular complication in RRH, followed by hemorrhage (34.38%). Eight (4.79%) cases were associated with other ocular diseases such as Sturge–Weber syndrome , Morning glory disc anomaly and macroaneurysm.ConclusionsAlthough RRH is a relatively non-progressive condition, its complications may lead to vision loss and should be treated in time.

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Section: Case Presentationsupporting

confidence: 48%

Retinal vein occlusion in retinal racemose hemangioma: a case report and literature review of ocular complications in this rare retinal vascular disorder

2014

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“…Our patient may have significantly decreased vision because of optic nerve compression, retinal nerve fibre loss, and possible amblyopia. The usual visual disturbances seen in RRH are via various ocular complications such as venous occlusion, ocular ischemia, secondary glaucoma with rubeosis of the iris, and tractional retinal detachment [1,[6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Racemose Hemangioma With Optic Neuropathy in a Child

Tarmizi

Bastion

Aziz³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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The aim of this study is to report an unusual case of retinal racemose haemangioma (RRH) in a child resulting in optic neuropathy and its optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings. This is a retrospective case report.For almost a year, a 13-year-old girl experienced gradual, painless, generalized blurred vision in her right eye. Visual acuity was 6/60 with a positive relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in her right eye. The right-eye fundus showed enlarged and tortuous retinal vessels extending from the optic disc to all four quadrants, including the juxta foveal region. OCT analysis revealed distortion in the region of enlarged vessels with minimal retinal fluid while OCT-A of the macula area demonstrated dilated and tortuous vessels in the superficial layers of the retina. Right intra-orbital vascular channels surrounding the optic nerve with optic nerve atrophy and gliosis were detected on magnetic resonance imaging angiography/venography (MRA/MRV). The cerebral angiogram reported an abnormal tangle of small vessels within the right orbit that received supply from a dilated right ophthalmic artery indicating the presence of retro-orbital arteriovenous malformation (AVM). She was then referred to the neurosurgeon and a decision was made not to embolize or resect the dilated vessel as this might lead to occlusion of the ophthalmic artery and thus worsen her vision.RRH may present in the paediatric age group, and optic nerve atrophy is one of the disease manifestations. OCT-A is a less invasive diagnostic option compared to fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) for diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression.

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“…The second hypothesis discusses a “steal phenomenon.” Due to the increased venous flow in the absence of a capillary network, the retinal perfusion is decreased, leading to retinal and/or choroidal ischemia. The third mechanism states direct compression of the veins due to the arteriovenous malformation at arteriovenous crossing sites, the more common mechanism for retinal vein occlusion [ 1 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitreous Hemorrhage as Presenting Sign of Retinal Arteriovenous Malformation

Accou

Nerinckx

Leroy

et al. 2020

Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine

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Objective. To describe a patient with vitreous hemorrhage and peripheral retinal ischemia, eventually diagnosed with an underlying retinal arteriovenous malformation. Methods. A 15-year-old girl presented with sudden-onset, painless visual loss in the right eye. She underwent a full ophthalmological work-up. Results. BCVA was less than 20/400 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Intraocular pressure and anterior segment examination were unremarkable. Fundoscopy was impossible due to an opaque vitreous hemorrhage in the right eye. The left eye was completely unremarkable. Examination during a 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy showed dilated, tortuous arteriovenous vessels extending from the optic disc and silver wiring of the enlarged vessels. A clinical diagnosis of retinal arteriovenous malformation was made. During surgery, a peripheral retinal photocoagulation was executed to avoid rebleeding. Postoperatively, fluorescein angiography demonstrated additional macular microangiopathy and diffuse retinal nonperfusion in the periphery. The MRI brain revealed neither cerebral nor orbital vascular anomaly, confirming a group 2 retinal arteriovenous malformation. Conclusion. Retinal arteriovenous malformations are generally considered stable over time. However, complications due to retinal ischemia can occur. Hence, regular observation is warranted. In so doing, timely treatment can be offered to avoid complications.

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Retinal Vein Occlusion: Late Complication of a Congenital Arteriovenous Anomaly

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Retinal vein occlusion in retinal racemose hemangioma: a case report and literature review of ocular complications in this rare retinal vascular disorder

Retinal vein occlusion in retinal racemose hemangioma: a case report and literature review of ocular complications in this rare retinal vascular disorder

Retinal Racemose Hemangioma With Optic Neuropathy in a Child

Vitreous Hemorrhage as Presenting Sign of Retinal Arteriovenous Malformation

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