Retinoblastoma: correlation of invasion of the optic nerve and choroid with prognosis and metastases.

Stannard, Clare; Lipper, Steven; Sealy, R.; Sevel, David

doi:10.1136/bjo.63.8.560

Cited by 109 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Hassani and Bard in their select group study of cataract patients found 41 cases of RD among 295 patients screened for posterior segment abnormality accounting for 13.8% of all abnormalities. Their low percentage was due to noninclusion of trauma cases [8]. Comparatively, in our study RD due to non-traumatic causes accounted for 14% and these were observed in cataract cases that were screened for evaluation of posterior segment preoperatively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Conventional B-mode Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Retinal Disorders

Sen

Parihar

Saini

et al. 2003

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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Sonographic study of 164 patients (328 eyes) in the present series highlights the advantages of ocular ultra sonography (B-mode) in the evaluation of retinal disorders especially in patients with opaque ocular media. B-mode sonography of the eye is a rapid, cheap, safe and reliable investigation for the eye. The sensitivity and specificity of this modality in detecting ocular pathologies has been recorded as extremely high and is of great value to the eye surgeon for a preoperative assessment of the posterior segment when fundoscopy is not possible due to opaque ocular media from various causes. MJAFI 2003; 59 : 310-312

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Tumour extension into the optic nerve is associated with 65% mortality, but if nerve is not involved the mortality rate is only 8% [8]. Extension into optic nerve or retroorbital space is better appreciated on CT scan and MRI rather than on ultra sonography.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Conventional B-mode Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Retinal Disorders

Sen

Parihar

Saini

et al. 2003

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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“…Although some studies have suggested that choroidal invasion by retinoblastoma is not associated with worse prognosis [27,28], other reports have indicated the opposite [29][30][31][32]. It was reported that the risk for metastatic disease increased when coroidal invasion was seen in association with optic nerve invasion [33] and/or late enucleation [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (nm23 Protein) Expression in Retinoblastoma

Bardak

Çekıç²,

Ayhan

et al. 2000

Ophthalmic Res

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Forty-two enucleated eyes of 42 patients with unilateral retinoblastoma were studied histologically, including histochemically examiantion with anti-nm23 polyclonal antibody which does not recognise cDNA but its product. Primary tumours of >15 mm diameter with less evidence of apoptosis and with the most pleomorphic and anaplastic nuclei were associated with an increased risk of distant metastasis, but rosette formation did not discriminate. A high intensity of nm23 staining also indicated a tendency to meastasise, consistent with childhood neuroblastoma but in contrast to findings in carcinoma of the breast, colon and uterine cervix.

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“…In one case 10 MeV electron beam therapy (linear accelerator) was given with a total dose of 55 Gy/5 weeksJ22 fractions against one direct field. The CRE values in the 8 cases vaned from 1 540 to 2025 reu (10).…”

Section: Combined Bleomycin and Radiation Treatment O F Penile Carcinomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reese & Ellsworth's classification does not describe forms of extraocular retinoblastoma frequently seen in some countries (9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%