Retinoic acid increases the cellular cholesterol predominantly in a mTOR-independent manner

Prakash, Satya; Kumar, Ambak

doi:10.1007/s12026-022-09292-x

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Our earlier findings confirmed that RA increased the cellular cholesterol and is not mediated through mTOR pathway ( 9 ). Moreover, we had observed increased mRNA expression of RAPTOR , possibly indicating the effective assembly of mTORC1, upon RA supplementation of L. donovani -infected Mϕ.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…In the same study, we showed improvement in the levels of cellular cholesterol in L. donovani -infected Mϕ upon RA treatment, which resulted in reduced parasite burden ( 6 ). In another part of our study in healthy uninfected Mϕ, RA was shown to restore the levels of cellular cholesterol in an mTOR-independent manner ( 9 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In summary, RA entry into the infected cell is not affected, and it restores the immune response. RA increases the levels of cellular cholesterol in Mϕ, which is mTOR independent, as rapamycin abrogates the RA-driven increase in cellular cholesterol ( 9 ). However, in L. donovani -infected cells, inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin did not reverse the RA-mediated increase in expression of SREBP2 and LDLR mRNA and thus the cellular cholesterol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinoic Acid Increases Cellular Cholesterol in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages in an mTOR-Independent Manner

Prakash

Kumar

2022

Microbiol Spectr

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retinoic Acid Increases Cellular Cholesterol in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages in an mTOR-Independent Manner

Prakash

Kumar

2022

Microbiol Spectr

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“…Milk extracellular vesicles could increase the abundance of "good" microbiota such as Akkermansia, Muribaculum, and Turicibacter and promote the immune related to IgA production, retinol, or D-glutamine metabolism [38]. Retinoic acid restores cholesterol levels in Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages and reduces the parasite burden in an mTOR-independent manner [39,40]. Retinoic acid-liganded RARα mediates T cell activation/quiescence metabolism and differentiation of regulatory T cell subsets through PI3K and subsequent activation of Akt and mTOR signaling pathways [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Lung Injury in Smoke-Induced COPD Mice by IL-17 and Autophagy

Zhang

Liu

2023

Cellular Microbiology

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Objective. Smoking is a primary hazard factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which induced a decrease in intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila abundance and Th17 imbalance in COPD. This study analyzed the changes of gut microbiota metabolism and Akkermansia abundance in patients with smoking-related COPD and explored the potential function of Akkermansia muciniphila in smoke-induced COPD mice. Methods. Gut microbiota diversity and metabolic profile were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequence and metabolomics in COPD patients. The IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were tested by ELISA. Lung tissue damage was observed by HE staining. The expression of cleave-caspase 3, trophoblast antigen 2 (TROP2), and LC3 in lung tissues were analyzed by IHC or IF. The p-mTOR, mTOR, p62, and LC3 expression in lung tissues were tested by western blot. Results. The levels of IL-17, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of COPD patients increased significantly. The number and alpha diversity of gut microbiota were decreased in COPD patients. The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in gut of COPD patients was decreased, and the metabolic phenotype and retinol metabolism were changed. In the retinol metabolism, the retinol and retinal were significantly changed. Akkermansia muciniphila could improve the alveolar structure and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue, reduce the IL-17, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in peripheral blood, promote the p-mTOR expression, and inhibit the expression of autophagy-related proteins in smoke-induced COPD mice. Conclusion. The number and alpha diversity of gut microbiota were decreased in patients with smoking-related COPD, accompanied by decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, and altered retinol metabolism function. Gut Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorated lung injury in smoke-induced COPD mice by inflammation and autophagy.

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Intertwining of Retinoic Acid and Cholesterol Pathway and its Consequences in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages

Prakash

Kumar

2023

Pathobiology of Parasitic Protozoa: Dynamics and Dimensions

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Retinoic acid increases the cellular cholesterol predominantly in a mTOR-independent manner

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

Retinoic Acid Increases Cellular Cholesterol in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages in an mTOR-Independent Manner

Retinoic Acid Increases Cellular Cholesterol in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages in an mTOR-Independent Manner

Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Lung Injury in Smoke-Induced COPD Mice by IL-17 and Autophagy

Intertwining of Retinoic Acid and Cholesterol Pathway and its Consequences in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages

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