Retinoic acid is abundantly detected in different depots of adipose tissue by SERS

β-Carotene in the human body: metabolic bioactivation pathways – from digestion to tissue distribution and excretion

“…The number of genes specifically regulated by β-carotene exposure in males of WT (276) and BCO1 knockout (1168) genotype was comparable between iWAT v. lung, while BCO1 knockout females showed a reduced number (567 v. 1433) in iWAT. This was strikingly also the case for the much larger number (33 WT v. 130 KO) of common genes in WT mice, and is likely explained by the important role of WAT in steroid hormone metabolism, especially for oestrogens and progestogens in females (203)(204)(205) .…”

Fattening chips: hypertrophy, feeding, and fasting of human white adipocytesin vitro

“…As proof of concept for applying the chip to drug development, we identified retinoid signaling intermediates among other candidates as potential regulators of adipocyte hypertrophy. Regulation by retinoids may help explain why retinoic acid is enriched more than 30-fold in adipose tissue relative to serum 70,71 . Of note, the concentration of retinoic acid receptor antagonist required to significantly decrease hypertrophy was ten-fold higher (10 μm) than the concentration of agonist (1 μm) required to increase it.…”

Bidirectional communication between brain and visceral white adipose tissue: Its potential impact on Alzheimer's disease

“…The vWAT has the capacity to synthesize a large amount of retinoic acid (RA) and this synthesis can be regulated by the HFD. 148 Resident macrophages (GATA6 + ) in MSs of omentum produce high level of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH)-2, 70 , 149 which is a key enzyme generating RA in vivo . RA is also generated from retinaldehyde in vWAT by the aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 family of enzymes (ALDH1).…”