Retirement on grounds of ill health: cross sectional survey in six organisations in united kingdom

Abstract

Objective: To assess correlation between type of breast cyst and risk of breast cancer in women with gross cystic disease of the breast. Design: Cohort study of women with breast cysts aspirated between 1983 and 1993 who were followed up until December 1994 for occurrence of breast cancer. Setting: Major cancer prevention centre. Subjects: 802 women with aspirated breast cysts. Main outcome measures: Type of breast cyst based on cationic content of cyst fluid: type I (potassium:sodium ratio > 1.5), type II (potassium:sodium ratio < 1.5), or mixed (both types). Subsequent occurrence and type of breast cancer. Results: After median follow up of six years (range 2-12 years) 15 cases of invasive breast cancer and two ductal carcinomas in situ were diagnosed in the cohort: 12 invasive cancers (and two carcinomas in situ) among the 417 women with type I cysts, two cancers among the 325 women with type II cysts, and one among the 60 women with mixed cysts. The incidence of breast cancer in women with type I cysts was significantly higher than that in women with type II cysts (relative risk 4.62 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 29.7)). These results were confirmed after adjustment for several risk factors for breast cancer (relative risk 4.24 (1.12 to 27.5)). Conclusions:The increased risk of breast cancer of women with breast cysts seems to be concentrated among women with type I breast cysts.

Organisational downsizing as a predictor of disability pension: the 10-town prospective cohort study

“…Risk factors for disability pension include prevalent disease, low self perceived health, health risk behaviours, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] demographic factors, such as higher age, female sex, low socioeconomic status, and unemployment, 1 6 8-11 and factors related to society and the welfare system. [12][13][14] In addition, stressful characteristics of work have been found to be associated with a risk of disability pension. Such characteristics include long working hours, high workload, and low job control.…”

Reform of ill-health retirement of police in England and Wales: impact on pension liabilities and the role of local finance

“…In addition, as noted by Poole (1997) and others, assessment procedures for ill-health retirement differed widely across police forces. In some cases, ill-health assessments would be made on an initial recommendation from a local line manager and/or evidence from the applicant"s doctor coupled with an in-house medical assessment, through to a much more stringent procedure based on several external medical assessments and more detailed consideration of alternative employment in the police service.…”

“…Although these terms are generally regarded as among the most generous on offer in public sector pension plans, especially in terms of normal retirement date, 8 police forces have also been characterised by high levels of early retirement on grounds of ill-health, especially in the late 1990s when medical retirements were averaging almost half of all retirement across police forces (HM Treasury, 2000). 9 Illhealth retirement rates across forces varied from less than 20% of all retirements to over 75% in the same period; the high rates being seen as arising from a combination of generous enhancement provisions (ibid , Tables 1 and 2) and weak enforcement and monitoring of medical claims by individual police forces (Poole, 1997). Ill-health retirement rates have fallen since that time, partly due to tighter monitoring and to an increased willingness of forces to place officers on "restricted duties".…”

Analysis of Total Work Inability in Poland in 2000 and 2001 According to Age, Disease Diagnosis and Occupation

“…There are reports, however, showing that even in the case of a severe health condition, the decision to stop working is affected by economic, social and psychological factors [1,2,3,4,5,6].…”