[Retracted] Acetochlor Affects Bighead Carp (Aristichthys Nobilis) by Producing Oxidative Stress, Lowering Tissue Proteins, and Inducing Genotoxicity

Abstract

Acetochlor is persistently used in the agroproduction sector to control broadleaf weeds. Due to frequent and continuous applications, this herbicide can reach nearby water bodies and may induce deleterious changes in aquatic life. Therefore, investigation of harmful impacts of different environmental pollutants, including herbicides, is vital to knowing the mechanisms of toxicity and devising control strategies. The current experiment included bighead carp ( n = 80 ) to estimate adverse impacts. Fish were randomly placed in 4 different experimental groups (T0-T3) and were treated for 36 days with acetochlor at 0, 300, 400, and 500 μg/L. Fresh blood without any anticoagulant was obtained and processed for nuclear and morphological changes in erythrocytes. At the same time, various visceral organs, including the gills, liver, brain, and kidneys, were removed and processed on days 12, 24, and 36 to determine oxidative stress and various antioxidant biomarkers. Comet assays revealed significantly increased DNA damage in isolated cells of the liver, kidneys, brain, and gills of treated fish. We recorded increased morphological and nuclear changes ( P ≤ 0.05 ) in the erythrocyte of treated fish. The results on oxidative stress showed a higher quantity of oxidative biomarkers and a significantly ( P ≤ 0.05 ) low concentration of cellular proteins in the gills, liver, brain, and kidneys of treated fish compared to unexposed fish. Our research findings concluded that acetochlor renders oxidative stress in bighead carp.

Evaluation of DNA Damage, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress, and Status of Antioxidant Enzymes in Freshwater Fish (Labeo rohita) Exposed to Pyriproxyfen

“…It is imposed on cells due to increase in oxidant generation, a decrease in antioxidant protection, and failure in the repair of oxidative damage [43][44][45][46] in the form of severe damage to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, resulting in detrimental effects on cells [47][48][49][50]. Pesticides are known to induce ROS and cause oxidative stress in fish [11,51,52]. The antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) prevent oxidative stress, and the actions of these enzymes are routinely used to monitor the risk of pesticides [53].…”

Evaluation of Hematological, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Profile in Cattle Infected with Brucellosis in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

“…Oxidative stress performs a vital role in the development of clinical disease and also leads to DNA damage, enzymic deactivation, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and cell necrosis [64][65][66][67][68][69][70]. With the declining body's antioxidantbased defense mechanism, oxidative stress concentration gets enhanced in brucellosis [71][72][73].…”

Nuclear and Morphological Alterations in Erythrocytes, Antioxidant Enzymes, and Genetic Disparities Induced by Brackish Water in Mrigal Carp (Cirrhinus mrigala)

“…ROS generation is tightly linked to variations in salinity, resulting in oxidative stress in fish [ 26 , 27 ]. It has been recorded that ROS are extensively generated in the body during an aerobic condition and at different physiological disorders creating oxidative eustress [ 17 , 21 , 22 ]. Moreover, different antioxidant enzymes including both enzymatic and nonenzymatic play crucial and vital role in maintaining the redox status and oxidative stress balance by providing defense against free radicals [ 17 , 22 ].…”

“…Moreover, different antioxidant enzymes including both enzymatic and nonenzymatic play crucial and vital role in maintaining the redox status and oxidative stress balance by providing defense against free radicals [ 17 , 22 ]. Different antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH) prevent induction of oxidative stress in different tissues of the animals including aquatic life and are frequently used to estimate the risk of various environmental contaminants in [ 17 , 21 ]. It has been recorded that increased salinity level induces different physiological disorders via oxidative stress and alterations in concentrations of hormones in plasma, abnormal energy metabolism, and electrolyte imbalance in different animal species [ 28 ].…”

“…It is recorded that the monitoring and determination of hematological profile of fish is of vital, useful, and reliable tool for the estimation of different pathological ailments induced by various environmental pollutants both in aquatic and terrestrial animals. In addition, studies have highlighted that determination of variations in different biochemical profile including enzymes and proteins is of vital importance to assess the physiological ailments in aquatic organisms [17,[20][21][22][23]. The red blood cells of fish and other animals are directly exposed to different environmental contaminants when they enter into the blood and are reliable biomarkers for the early screening of pathophysiological effects employed by all kind of drugs and other pollutants [18,[20][21][22][23].…”