RETRACTED ARTICLE: ArticleNoteOptimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Coconut Oil Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for the Management of Ethanol-Induced Ulcer

Abstract

In the global incidence of peptic ulcer, with the associated rates of hospitalizations and mortality are increasing, in the United States, peptic ulcer disease affects approximately 4.6 million people annually, with an estimated 10% of the US population having evidence of a duodenal ulcer. The present research aims to find a novel treatment for ethanol induced ulcer by loading thymoquinone (TQ) on a nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC), using Compritol® 888 and coconut oil. The TQ-loaded coconut oil NLC was formulated using melt emulsification combined with a sonication method using Poloxamer 188 as a surfactant. Finally, the optimization of the formulations was performed on a three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken statistical design, with 85.63% entrapment efficiency of TQ in the optimized formulation. A biphasic release pattern of the formulation was recorded in an in vitro drug release study, where the initial burst release of the drug was observed in the first 2 h, followed by a gradual release. Later, the TQ-loaded coconut oil NLC was found to protect the gastric mucous membrane more effectively (78.95% in.; p < 0.01) in an alcohol-induced ulcer model, whereas the TQ suspension showed 30.87% inhibition (p < 0.05) of the ulcerative index, when compared with the ulcer control group. The histopathological evaluations of the stomach in ulcer-induced animals demonstrated protection potential of TQ-loaded coconut oil NLC against an alcohol-induced gastric ulcer. In a nutshell, the entrapment of TQ within the NLC was found to deliver the entrapped drug more effectively when administered through an oral route to possess a gastroprotective effect.

Optimization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Self-Nanoemulsion for Management of Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer

“…To achieve TQ-loaded SNEDDS with minimum globule size, AO, tween 80 and PEG 200 were the design independent variables (X1, X2, and X3, respectively; Table 1 previous manuscript referred to TQ solubility in various oils, surfactant and co-surfactants. 7 SNEDDS droplet size (nm) was the selected response. Response and contour plots showing the effects of components on SNEDDS’ properties were assigned to deduce the mixture region as shown in Figure 1 .…”

“…Preclinical screening for this black seed has been thoroughly studied for numerous physical disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drugs, neuroprotective, and even cancer. 7 Since For hundreds of years, thymoquinone (TQ) has been commonly used for conditions ranging from a simple migraine to illnesses such as obesity, asthma, gastrointestinal problems, menstruation and lactation. 8 , 9 TQ is a member of the Ranunculaceae family, rising on Mediterranean coastal plants.…”

“…It is suggested that oxygen radicals may contribute to the formation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions, and antioxidants are protective against the damage caused by these oxidants. 7 , 19 …”

“…It is suggested that oxygen radicals may contribute to the formation of ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions, and antioxidants are protective against the damage caused by these oxidants. 7,19 SNEDDS are effective nanocarriers in the drug delivery system. 20 The trial-and-error assessment of the optimum ratios of SNEDDS components is carried out based on the conventional 1-factor-by-time method.…”

Therapeutic Potential of Thymoquinone and Its Nanoformulations in Pulmonary Injury: A Comprehensive Review

“…100 Moreover, recently, gastric histopathological examination of animals with alcohol-induced gastric ulcers showed the possible role of TQ-loaded coconut oil nanostructure (NLC) in ameliorating ulcer formation. 101 In summary, TQ encapsulation within nanostructures was discovered to more effectively spread the administered drug when delivered orally, resulting in protective effects against ulcers.…”