RETRACTED ARTICLE: Factors associated with insomnia among frontline nurses during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey study

Abstract

Background Research predominantly suggests that nurses are at high risk of developing psychopathology. The empirical data show that the occurrence rate of problem-related sleep quality among clinical nurses is high. Therefore, this study was conducted to address the lack of information on the relationship between the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and insomnia. Methods A convenience sample of nurses (n = 680) completed an online survey that included the Insomnia severity index, the COVID-19-related psychological distress scale, the general health questionnaire, neuroticism, dysfunctional beliefs, attitudes about sleep scale, and difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Results The results showed that 35.8% (n = 253) of nurses were classified as individuals with moderate to severe clinical insomnia. The results showed that the psychological distress generated by COVID-19 predicted insomnia (β = .47, SE = 0.02, P < .001, t = 13.27, 95% CI 0.31–0.46). Additionally, the association is mediated by psychopathology vulnerabilities, emotion dysregulation, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and neuroticism. Moreover, female nurses exhibited higher levels of insomnia (Cohen’s d = .37), neuroticism (Cohen’s d = 30), psychopathology vulnerability (Cohen’s d = .26), and COVID-19-related psychological distress (Cohen’s d = .23). Conclusion The present study’s findings help to explain how pandemic consequences can be associated with insomnia. Additionally, the findings make a significant contribution to better understanding the role of neuroticism, emotion dysregulation, beliefs, and psychopathology vulnerability in the development of insomnia among nurses. The findings suggest the potential influence of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and transdiagnostic integrated therapies that could be incorporated into therapeutic programs designed to develop as a way of inhibiting or preventing insomnia among clinical nurses.

The role of healthy emotionality in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: a cross-sectional study

“…The present study also found some sex differences. In line with numerous studies, females reported a higher fear of COVID-19 than males in the present study (Fullana et al, 2020 ; Nazari et al, 2022 ). Being older was associated with a higher outlook, greater resilience, increased healthy emotionality, and less fear of COVID-19.…”

“…Neuroticism is a key trait associated with most emotional disorders (Brown & Barlow, 2009 ). COVID-19 studies describing the etiological role of neuroticism in psychopathology have proposed similar mediators, such as loneliness (Gubler et al, 2020 ) and emotional dysregulation (Nazari et al, 2022 ).…”

“…COVID-19 psychological distress predicts higher levels of neuroticism (Nazari et al, 2021a ). Neuroticism has also been shown to be a strong predictor of internalizing symptomology (Nikčević et al, 2021 ) and depressive symptoms during the pandemic (Nazari et al, 2022 ). Moreover, individuals with higher levels of neuroticism are more vulnerable to elevated psychological distress generated by COVID-19 (Lyon et al, 2021 ).…”

Changes in the Work Schedule of Nurses Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship with Sleep and Turnover Intention

“…Studies have uncovered a high prevalence of insufficient sleep (70.1%), insomnia (36.0%), and self-reported short sleep duration (≤6 h) (48.6%) among nurses working shifts [ 15 ], as well as frequent reports of poor sleep quality (78%) [ 16 ]. Recent studies conducted during the pandemic show a similar high prevalence of sleep disturbances [ 17 ] and insomnia symptoms [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] among healthcare workers. Furthermore, a recent study from Norway utilizing the same data as in the present study found that the majority of nurses reported no change in sleep duration (84.2%), sleep quality (82.4%), or sleep patterns from before to during the pandemic (data collected between the first and the second pandemic wave) compared to retrospective accounts of their sleep before the pandemic [ 21 ].…”

Application of unified protocol as a transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders during COVID-19: An internet-delivered randomized controlled trial

“…The current pandemic has generated frequent and intense negative emotions[ 9 ]. Research indicates that psychiatric comorbidities or multiple co-occurring mental health problems are highly prevalent during the pandemic[ 10 , 11 ]. Traditional treatments or specific disorder protocols that target one diagnosis at a time ( e.g.…”