RETRACTED ARTICLE: Integration of Healthcare 4.0 and blockchain into secure cloud-based electronic health records systems

Abstract

Since the last decade, cloud-based electronic health records (EHRs) have gained significant attention to enable remote patient monitoring. The recent development of Healthcare 4.0 using the Internet of Things (IoT) components and cloud computing to access medical operations remotely has gained the researcher's attention from a smart city perspective. Healthcare 4.0 mainly consisted of periodic medical data sensing, aggregation, data transmission, data sharing, and data storage. The sensitive and personal data of patients lead to several challenges while protecting it from hackers. Therefore storing, accessing, and sharing the patient medical information on the cloud needs security attention that data should not be compromised by the authorized user's components of E-healthcare systems. To achieve secure medical data storage, sharing, and accessing in cloud service provider, several cryptography algorithms are designed so far. However, such conventional solutions failed to achieve the trade-off between the requirements of EHR security solutions such as computational efficiency, service side verification, user side verifications, without the trusted third party, and strong security. Blockchain-based security solutions gained significant attention in the recent past due to the ability to provide strong security for data storage and sharing with the minimum computation efforts. The blockchain made focused on bitcoin technology among the researchers. Utilizing the blockchain which secure healthcare records management has been of recent interest. This paper presents the systematic study of modern blockchain-based solutions for securing medical data with or without cloud computing. We implement and evaluate the different methods using blockchain in this paper. According to the research studies, the research gaps, challenges, and future roadmap are the outcomes of this paper that boost emerging Healthcare 4.0 technology.

Survey on Security and Interoperability of Electronic Health Record Sharing Using Blockchain Technology

“…We compiled findings on the various privacy-preserving EHR approaches and evaluated their effectiveness. The data access times and storage costs are relatively high compared to the other existing approaches but considering the data privacy, security, data integrity and interoperability factors, the use of blockchain could be a significant approach for healthcare systems (Akhter Md Hasib et al, 2022;Chelladurai and Pandian, 2022;Mantey et al, 202;Mahajan et al, 2022;Watford et al, 2019).…”

“…They are the on-premise approach (Loukides et al, 2014;Fan et al, 2018;Guo et al, 2018;Xia et al, 2017), the cloud-based approach (Tu et al, 2010;Hamid et al, 2017;Li et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2015) and the blockchain-based approach (Akhter Md Hasib et al, 2022;Chelladurai and Pandian, 2022;Mantey et al, 2022;Mahajan et al, 2022).…”

“…The latest generation of Blockchain X.0 addresses a dream of blockchain uniqueness where there would be a public blockchain administration that would be similar to a Google search engine that anyone can use. The future applications would be artificial intelligence-enabled blockchain (Mahajan et al, 2022).…”

Leveraging Patient Information Sharing Using Blockchain-Based Distributed Networks

“…The blockchain will safeguard data access and AI-based federated learning will be used to construct a strong model for global and real-time applications. In [61] the author provides a rigorous examination of recent blockchain-based systems for protecting medical data, both with and without cloud computing. In this work, they use blockchain to build and analyse several approaches.…”

A novel file system supporting rich file classification

“…We seek to strike a compromise between the HFS replacement and HFS add-on methods in this study. We propose a minor modification to HFS semantics that adds tagging to the core file system structure while retaining the familiar and beneficial hierarchical container structure of traditional file systems [23][27] [28]. Because of the similarity in behavior, introducing such a system as a replacement for a purely hierarchical file system would be simple, but more importantly, it would provide a uniform API that could be used to build richer generic user interfaces that could leverage the enhanced metadata structures to better support user file management activities [29] [30].…”