“…The above is the basic theory of MPPT, and many artificial intelligence-based MPPT control methods have derived, such as PID-based MPPT controller (Maroufi et al, 2020), Fuzzy-Logic (FL) based MPPT controller (Veeramanikandan and Selvaperumal, 2020), Artificial-Neural-Networks (ANN) based MPPT controller (Al-Majidi et al, 2020), Genetic-Algorithms (GA) based MPPT controller (Hadji et al, 2018), and Particle-Swarm-Optimization (PSO) based MPPT controller (Merchaoui et al, 2020). The attributes that the P-V curve has a unique maximum power point located at the e(t) dP(t)/dV(t) 0.…”