Retracted Article: Monodisperse CuB₂₃nanoparticles grown on graphene as highly efficient catalysts for unactivated alkyl halide Heck coupling and levulinic acid hydrogenation

Abstract

Monodisperse CuB23 nanoparticles grown on graphene exert exceedingly high activity towards unactivated alkyl halide Heck coupling and levulinic acid hydrogenation.

Preparation of Ru/Graphene using Glucose as Carbon Source and Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid to γ‐Valerolactone

“…The electron‐enriched Ru sites were beneficial for the formation of H‐species on Ru . They were also favorable for the activation of the adsorbed carbonyl (C=O) group during the hydrogenation of LA to GVL, and thus had higher catalytic activity …”

Manganese-Catalyzed Carboacylations of Alkenes with Alkyl Iodides

“…1 This class of transformations includes alkyl-Mizoroki-Heck-type reactions, constituting fundamental cross-couplings of unactivated alkyl halides with alkenes. 2 In prior studies, we developed a carbonylative variant of this reaction that yields cyclic enones from alkyl iodides and pendant alkenes (Figure 1). 3 We became interested in pursuing an alternative process involving alkene difunctionalization (carboacylation).…”

“…Bromopentacarbonylmanganese(I) and cobalt(0) carbonyl were both ineffective as catalysts (entries 2–3), as was Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , which we have previously used in a number of catalytic C–C bond-forming reactions involving alkyl iodides (entry 4). 2e,3a,9 Amine bases could be used in the reaction, although yields were slightly diminished (entry 5). Reactions performed at various levels of CO pressure indicated that while reactions using a balloon of CO (1 atm) were unsuccessful, high pressures were not required (entries 6–7).…”

Early‐stage evaluation of biorefinery processing pathways using process network flux analysis

“…As in most publications only the yield of a reaction is reported (e.g., Refs. 45,46) with no further statements on the conversion and selectivity, the reaction might be limited by maximum conversion (conversion limitation) or maximum selectivity (selectivity limitation).…”