RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel green synthesis and antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticholinergics, and wound healing properties of cobalt nanoparticles containing Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves extract

Abstract

The aim of the experiment was a green synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam (CoNPs) and assessment of their cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, and cutaneous wound healing properties. The synthesized CoNPs were characterized using different techniques including UV–Vis., FT-IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the XRD analysis, 28.19 nm was measured for the crystal size of NPs. TEM and SEM images exhibited a uniform spherical morphology and average diameters of 29.08 nm for the biosynthesized nanoparticles. Agar diffusion tests were done to determine the antibacterial and antifungal characteristics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were specified by macro-broth dilution assay. CoNPs indicated higher antibacterial and antifungal effects than many standard antibiotics (p ≤ 0.01). Also, CoNPs prevented the growth of all bacteria at 2–4 mg/mL concentrations and removed them at 2–8 mg/mL concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). In the case of antifungal effects of CoNPs, they inhibited the growth of all fungi at 1–4 mg/mL concentrations and destroyed them at 2–16 mg/mL concentrations (p ≤ 0.01). The synthesized CoNPs had great cell viability dose-dependently and indicated this method was nontoxic. DPPH free radical scavenging test was done to assess the antioxidant potentials, which revealed similar antioxidant potentials for CoNPs and butylated hydroxytoluene. In vivo experiment, after creating the cutaneous wound, the rats were randomly divided into six groups: untreated control, treatment with Eucerin basal ointment, treatment with 3% tetracycline ointment, treatment with 0.2% Co(NO3)2 ointment, treatment with 0.2% Z. clinopodioides ointment, and treatment with 0.2% CoNPs ointment. These groups were treated for 10 days. For histopathological and biochemical analysis of the healing trend, a 3 × 3 cm section was prepared from all dermal thicknesses at day 10. Use of CoNPs ointment in the treatment groups substantially raised (p ≤ 0.01) the wound contracture, hydroxyl proline, hexosamine, hexuronic acid, fibrocyte, and fibrocytes/fibroblast rate and remarkably decreased (p ≤ 0.01) the wound area, total cells, neutrophil, and lymphocyte compared to other groups. In conclusion, CoNPs can be used as a medical supplement owing to their non-cytotoxic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and cutaneous wound healing effects. Additionally, the novel nanoparticles (Co(NO3)2 and CoNPs) were good inhibitors of the α-glycosidase, and cholinesterase enzymes.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects of Gold Nanoparticles Containing Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Aqueous Extract

“…By reducing the free radicals in the wound area, the antioxidant compounds help to heal the wound. Other studies have shown that medicinal plants enriched with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds improve wound healing [7,40]. DPPH radical scavenging effect of Ok Au NPs and Ch Au NPs was compared to Vit C in five different concentrations (Figure 7).…”

“…Nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, and chemical compositions have various ranges of applications [6]. A variety of methods, including physical (pulsed wire, pulse laser ablation, ball milling method, mechanical chemical synthesis, and mechanical/high ball milling technique), chemical (microemulsion/colloidal technique, chemical reduction technique, electrochemical method, solvothermal decomposition, and sonochemical technique), and biological techniques (plant extract, bacteria, fungi, and yeast) have been used in synthesis nanoparticles [7,8].…”

“…e production of toxic products is another problem with the use of the chemical technique. erefore, it seems necessary to find a very effective and cheap technique without toxins and environmental harm [7].…”

Engineered Nanotechnology: An Effective Therapeutic Platform for the Chronic Cutaneous Wound

“…In 2017, Peng et al reported that the surface stabilization of NPs with low molecular weight stabilizers decreased the absorption characteristics in the body, making it less toxic in an MRSA-infected mouse wound model [ 229 ]. Likewise, the biosynthesis of NPs has showcased on repeated occasions its non-toxic abilities without losing its antibacterial, antibiofilm and wound-healing integrity [ 169 , 230 , 231 ]. As nanoengineering is itself an evolutionary process that requires the amalgamation of several subunits, there is always room for improving the mode of application.…”

Comparative Bioactivity Analysis of Green-Synthesized Metal (Cobalt, Copper, and Selenium) Nanoparticles

“…Most chemical procedures utilize dangerous substances that are harmful to biological systems and their surroundings. The biological method is an eco-friendly and biocompatible method increasingly used for producing NPs [ 3 ].…”