RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative
review

Vijay, Amrita; Valdes, Ana M.

doi:10.1038/s41430-021-00991-6

Cited by 290 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Decreased abundance on Firmicutes bacteria belonging to the Ruminococcaceae spp., Lachnospiraceae spp, F. prausnitzii and Roseburia spp. families is a signature of microbial dysbiosis in IBD ( 62 , 133 ). Since these bacteria are butyrate producers, this association may be driven by altered (reduced) induction of iTreg cells in the gut ( 134 , 135 ).…”

Section: Gut Microbiota – Autoimmune Disease Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbial Antigenic Mimicry in Autoimmunity

Garabatos

Santamaría

2022

Front. Immunol.

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The gut microbiota plays a major role in the developmental biology and homeostasis of cells belonging to the adaptive and innate arms of the immune system. Alterations in its composition, which are known to be regulated by both genetic and environmental factors, can either promote or suppress the pathogenic processes underlying the development of various autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, to just name a few. Cross-recognition of gut microbial antigens by autoreactive T cells as well as gut microbe-driven alterations in the activation and homeostasis of effector and regulatory T cells have been implicated in this process. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the positive and negative associations between alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and the development of various autoimmune disorders, with a special emphasis on antigenic mimicry.

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Section: Gut Microbiota – Autoimmune Disease Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbial Antigenic Mimicry in Autoimmunity

Garabatos

Santamaría

2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…The mechanism of the association of endometriosis with a wide range of other symptoms, such as depression, lower BMI, autoimmune diseases, allergies, etc., are not clear. However, considering the recently observed associations between the intestinal microbiome and a whole range of effects on the brain, immunology, and rheumatoid arthritis it is attractive to speculate that many of these associations with endometriosis might also find their origin in hereditary factors increasing the risk of endometriosis and changing the bowel microbiota as reviewed in 42 articles in 2021 only [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]). The association with sexual dysfunction seems to be caused by the pain, which is a strong inhibitor of sexuality [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Clinical Consequences Of Our New Understandingmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Understanding of Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Endometriosis

Amro

Aristondo

Al-Suwaidi

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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For 100 years, pelvic endometriosis has been considered to originate from the implantation of endometrial cells following retrograde menstruation or metaplasia. Since some observations, such as the clonal aspect, the biochemical variability of lesions and endometriosis in women without endometrium, the genetic-epigenetic (G-E) theory describes that endometriosis only begins after a series of cumulative G-E cellular changes. This explains that the endometriotic may originate from any pluripotent cell apart from the endometrium, that ‘endometrium-like cells’ can harbour important G-E differences, and that the risk is higher in predisposed women with more inherited incidents. A consequence is a high risk after puberty which decreases progressively thereafter. Considering a 10-year delay between initiation and performing a laparoscopy, this was observed in the United Arab Emirates, Belgium, France and USA. The subsequent growth varies with the G-E changes and the environment but is self-limiting probably because of the immunologic reaction and fibrosis. That each lesion has a different set of G-E incidents explains the variability of pain and the response to hormonal treatment. New lesions may develop, but recurrences after surgical excision are rare. The fibrosis around endometriosis belongs to the body and does not need to be removed. This suggests conservative excision or minimal bowel without safety margins and superficial treatment of ovarian endometriosis. This G-E concept also suggests prevention by decreasing oxidative stress from retrograde menstruation or the peritoneal microbiome. This suggests the prevention of vaginal infections and changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota through food intake and exercise. In conclusion, a higher risk of initiating endometriosis during adolescence was observed in UAE, France, Belgium and USA. This new understanding and the limited growth opens perspectives for earlier diagnosis and better treatment.

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“…Consistent patterns of dysbiosis between multiple immune-mediated diseases have been observed, as well as microbial signatures, including taxonomic biomarkers that are associated with a particular disease or group of diseases [ 7 , 13 ]. Considering the numerous environmental and genetic risk factors that are known to influence inflammatory pathologies and autoimmune diseases, it is not surprising that some taxa demonstrate varying degrees of differences in abundance.…”

Section: Microbiota and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceutically Active Microbial AhR Agonists as Innovative Biodrugs in Inflammation

et al. 2022

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Alterations of the microbiome occur in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, a finding consistent with the role of the microbiome in the maintenance of the immune system homeostasis. In this regard, L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, of both host and microbial origin, act as important regulators of host–microbial symbiosis by acting as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. The intestinal and respiratory barriers are very sensitive to AhR activity, suggesting that AhR modulation could be a therapeutic option to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier, which has substantial implications for health even beyond the mucosal site. A number of studies have highlighted the capacity of AhR to respond to indoles and indolyl metabolites, thus positioning AhR as a candidate indole receptor. However, the context-and ligand-dependent activity of AhR requires one to resort to suitable biopharmaceutical formulations to enable site-specific drug delivery in order to achieve therapeutic effectiveness, decrease unwanted toxicities and prevent off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the dual activity of the microbial metabolite indole-3-aldehyde at the host–microbe interface and its ability to orchestrate host pathophysiology and microbial symbiosis and discuss how its proper clinical development may turn into a valuable therapeutic strategy in local and distant inflammatory diseases.

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review

Cited by 290 publications

References 178 publications

Gut Microbial Antigenic Mimicry in Autoimmunity

Gut Microbial Antigenic Mimicry in Autoimmunity

New Understanding of Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Endometriosis

Pharmaceutically Active Microbial AhR Agonists as Innovative Biodrugs in Inflammation

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