RETRACTED: Biodegradation of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Residual Organic Pollutants of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent by Biostimulation

Abstract

Effluent discharged from the pulp and paper industry contains various refractory and androgenic compounds, even after secondary treatment by activated processes. Detailed knowledge is not yet available regarding the properties of organic pollutants and methods for their bioremediation. This study focused on detecting residual organic pollutants of pulp and paper mill effluent after biological treatment and assessing their degradability by biostimulation. The major compounds identified in the effluent were 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (syringol), methoxycinnamic acid, pentadecane, octadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester, cyclotetracosane, 5,8-dimethoxy-6-methyl-2,4-bis(phenylmethyl)napthalen-1-ol, and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester. Most of these compounds are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and environmental toxicants. Some compounds are lignin monomers that are metabolic products from secondary treatment of the discharged effluent. This indicated that the existing industrial process could not further degrade the effluent. Supplementation by carbon (glucose 1.0%) and nitrogen (peptone 0.5%) bio-stimulated the degradation process. The degraded sample after biostimulation showed either disappearance or generation of metabolic products under optimized conditions, i.e., a stirring rate of 150 rpm and temperature of 37 ± 1°C after 3 and 6 days of bacterial incubation. Isolated potential autochthonous bacteria were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae IITRCP04 (KU715839), Enterobacter cloacae strain IITRCP11 (KU715840), Enterobacter cloacae IITRCP14 (KU715841), and Acinetobacter pittii strain IITRCP19 (KU715842). Lactic acid, benzoic acid, and vanillin, resulting from residual chlorolignin compounds, were generated as potential value-added products during the detoxification of effluent in the biostimulation process, supporting the commercial importance of this process.

Characterization of Autochthonous Bacteria Capable for Degradation of Residual Organic Pollutants of Pulp Paper Mill Effluent by Biostimulation Process

“…Several saturated fatty acids such as octadecanoic acid (RT-30.37) and trimethylsilyl ester were also found in effluent (control sample) and degraded finally by bacterial community after biostimulation process. This study is supported by the previous research of degradation and detoxification of effluent 22 . Moreover, octadecanoic acid was detected from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and is also reported as extractive of ethanol or benzene 39 .…”

“…1b. This change in the peak area and height indicates the conversation of compounds into complex metabolites 22 .…”

“…The sample was serially diluted and about 10 µl of the diluted sample was used as an inoculum to spread over culture plate (Himedia, India). The inoculated plate was incubated overnight at 37°C (Chandra et al, 2018) 22 . The biomass estimation, 1 ml of the bacterial growth sample was centrifuged and dry in the pre-weighted eppendorf tube and after dried at 50°C, the post weight of eppendorf post weight minus the pre weight of eppendorf were estimated to be bacterial biomass per ml.…”

Simultaneous laccase production and transformation of bisphenol-A and triclosan using Trametes versicolor

“…Biological methods are reported to be promising and helpful in the absolute degradation of phenols and related EDCs. Chandra et al (2018) reported a high rate of degradation of BPA and TCA with potential microbial strains and their consortium. More recently enzyme-based methods have gained popularity for the treatment of EDCs (Singh et al 2017;Sharma et al 2018;Baweja et al 2016).…”

Shapes Control of Bi2WO6 Nano-Structures as Photo-Fenton Catalysts for Pulping Wastewater Treatment

“…The as-obtained effluents derived from raw materials and production processes inevitably have a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and low biodegradability properties, which usually consists of >200 organic compounds and total organic and inorganic species of approximately 700 [5,6]. Among those pollutants, dioxins, chlorate, chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloroform, phenols, and furans were observed, which are seriously harmful to human [7,8]. Pulp wastewater is usually treated by three processes, primary physicochemical 2 of 10 treatment, secondary biochemical treatment, and tertiary advanced treatment [9][10][11].…”