RETRACTED: CAR-NK Cell: A New Paradigm in Tumor Immunotherapy

Marofi, Faroogh; Al-Awad, Alaa S.; Rahman, Heshu Sulaiman; Марков, А. В.; Abdelbasset, Walid Kamal; Enina, Yulianna; Mahmoodi, Mahnaz; Hassanzadeh, Ali; Yazdanifar, Mahboubeh; Chartrand, Max Stanley; Jarahian, Mostafa

doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.673276

Cited by 82 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 156 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…Finally, in the in vivo model, they generated tumours in nude mice with the MS751 cell line and observed a significant decrease in tumour mass compared to the control (NK-92), which correlates with PSCA CAR-NK-92 cells. This study implies the need for the analysis of CAR-NK cells in the treatment of cervical cancer [99,100].…”

Section: Novel Cellular Immunotherapies To Treat Cervical Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

NK Cell Regulation in Cervical Cancer and Strategies for Immunotherapy

Gutiérrez‐Hoya

Soto‐Cruz²

2021

Cells

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Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent gynaecological malignancies worldwide and is related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, viral persistence, progression, and invasion. Therefore, the immune response is linked to HPV status. Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role against virus-infected cells and tumours through a delicate balance between activating and inhibitory receptors and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. These cells also play a crucial role in tumour immunosurveillance. For these reasons, there is growing interest in harnessing NK cells as an immunotherapy for cervical cancer. These studies are diverse and include many strategies such as transferring activated autologous or allogeneic NK cells, improving the activation and cytolytic activity of NK cells using cytokines or analogues and modifying chimeric antigen receptors to increase specificity and targeting NK cells. However, research regarding the application of NK cells in immunotherapy is limited. This article focuses on recent discoveries about using NK cells to prevent and treat cervical cancer and the possibility of cellular immunotherapy becoming one of the best strategies to exploit the immune system to fight tumours.

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Section: Novel Cellular Immunotherapies To Treat Cervical Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

NK Cell Regulation in Cervical Cancer and Strategies for Immunotherapy

Gutiérrez‐Hoya

Soto‐Cruz²

2021

Cells

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“…Additional tools to efficiently and specifically target both hematological malignancies and solid tumors are represented by T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for Tas, which have been optimized in recent years with the construction of more effective third-generation CARs, which also express an inducible suicide gene to induce, in case of adverse side effects, the rapid in vivo depletion of CAR-T. CARs deliver a cell activation signal that, in most instances, is strong enough to overcome the inhibitory axes. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the generation of CAR-engineered NK cells, effectors that appear to be superior in terms of safety and that naturally express different receptors against tumor-associated molecules [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Allowing Cancer Immune Evasion a Lesson From 2d C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor Microenvironment and Hydrogel-Based 3D Cancer Models for In Vitro Testing Immunotherapies

Vitale

Marzagalli²,

Scaglione

et al. 2022

Cancers

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In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In a relevant percentage of patients, however, clinical benefits are lower than expected, pushing researchers to deeply analyze the immune responses against tumors and find more reliable and efficient tools to predict the individual response to therapy. Novel tissue engineering strategies can be adopted to realize in vitro fully humanized matrix-based models, as a compromise between standard two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal tests, which are costly and hardly usable in personalized medicine. In this review, we describe the main mechanisms allowing cancer cells to escape the immune surveillance, which may play a significant role in the failure of immunotherapies. In particular, we discuss the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the establishment of a milieu that greatly favors cancer malignant progression and impact on the interactions with immune cells. Then, we present an overview of the recent in vitro engineered preclinical three-dimensional (3D) models that have been adopted to resemble the interplays between cancer and immune cells and for testing current therapies and immunotherapeutic approaches. Specifically, we focus on 3D hydrogel-based tools based on different types of polymers, discussing the suitability of each of them in reproducing the TME key features based on their intrinsic or tunable characteristics. Finally, we introduce the possibility to combine the 3D models with technological fluid dynamics platforms, reproducing the dynamic complex interactions between tumor cells and immune effectors migrated in situ via the systemic circulation, pointing out the challenges that still have to be overcome for setting more predictive preclinical assays.

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“…Adoptive transfer research remains important for effective treatment as it is a promising mechanism by which to improve patient immune responses without significantly damaging off-target tissues [134]. More recently, research focused on CAR-NK cell transfusions have revolutionized the future of treatment for not only leukemia and lymphomas, but also non-hematological cancers including glioblastoma and breast cancer [135][136][137][138].…”

Section: Adoptive Transfer Of Nk Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, research investigating the long-term success of CAR-T therapies suggests that this form of treatment may not be as successful as previously thought [142]. CAR-NK cell therapy is a more recently explored option for leukemia, and while still in its experimental phases, it has shown killing of cancer with minimal risk of toxicity or GvHD [138,143,144]. In addition to enhanced efficacy and reduced negative side effects, CAR-NK therapy offers the potential for an off-the-shelf form of treatment that does not have to be individualized (in the form of HLA typing), decreasing cost and increasing the rate at which patients have access to treatment.…”

Section: Car-nk Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy for Leukemia

Allison

Mathews

Gilliland

et al. 2022

Cancers

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Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow and blood resulting from the abnormal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). There are four main types of leukemia including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While chemotherapy and radiation have been conventional forms of treatment for leukemia, these therapies increase infection susceptibility, adverse side effects and immune cell inactivation. Immunotherapies are becoming promising treatment options for leukemia, with natural killer (NK) cell-mediated therapy providing a specific direction of interest. The role of NK cells is critical for cancer cell elimination as these immune cells are the first line of defense against cancer proliferation and are involved in both recognition and cytolysis of rapidly dividing and abnormal cell populations. NK cells possess various activating and inhibitory receptors, which regulate NK cell function, signaling either inhibition and continued surveillance, or activation and subsequent cytotoxic activity. In this review, we describe NK cells and NK cell receptors, functional impairment of NK cells in leukemia, NK cell immunotherapies currently under investigation, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), adoptive transfer, chimeric antigen receptor-NKs (CAR-NKs), bi-specific/tri-specific killer engagers (BiKEs/TriKEs) and future potential targets of NK cell-based immunotherapy for leukemia.

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RETRACTED: CAR-NK Cell: A New Paradigm in Tumor Immunotherapy

Cited by 82 publications

References 156 publications

NK Cell Regulation in Cervical Cancer and Strategies for Immunotherapy

NK Cell Regulation in Cervical Cancer and Strategies for Immunotherapy

Tumor Microenvironment and Hydrogel-Based 3D Cancer Models for In Vitro Testing Immunotherapies

Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy for Leukemia

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