RETRACTED; Combined rs‐fMRI study on brain functional imaging and mechanism of RAGE‐DAMPs of depression: Evidence from MDD patients to chronic stress‐induced depression models in cynomolgus monkeys and mice

Abstract

More and more evidence show that major depressive disorder (MDD) is closely related to inflammation caused by chronic stress, which seriously affects human physical and mental health. However, the inflammatory mechanism of depression and its effect on brain function have not been clarified. Based on resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI), we investigated change of brain functional imaging and the inflammatory mechanism of damage‐related molecular patterns (DAMPs)—receptor of advanced glycation protein end product (RAGE) in MDD patients and depressive‐like cynomolgus monkeys and mice models induced by chronic stress. The regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed using MATLAB and SPM12 software. We detected the expression of DAMPs‐RAGE pathway‐related proteins and mRNA in MDD peripheral blood and in serum and brain tissue of cynomolgus monkeys and mice. Meanwhile, RAGE gene knockout mice, RAGE inhibitor, and overexpression of AVV9 RAGE adeno‐associated virus were used to verify that RAGE is a reliable potential biomarker of depression. The results showed that the ReHo value of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in MDD patients and depressive‐like cynomolgus monkeys was decreased. Then, the PFC was used as a seed point, the FC of ipsilateral and contralateral PFC were weakened in depressive‐like mice. At the same time, qPCR showed that RAGE and HMGB1 mRNA were upregulated and S100β mRNA was downregulated. The expression of RAGE‐related inflammatory protein in PFC of depressive‐like monkeys and mice were consistent with that in peripheral blood of MDD patients. Moreover, the results were confirmed in RAGE –/– mice, injection of FPS‐ZM1, and overexpression of AAV9 RAGE in mice. To sum up, our findings enhance the evidence that chronic stress‐PFC‐RAGE are associated with depression. These results attempt to establish the links between brain functional imaging, and molecular targets among different species will help to reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of depression from multiple perspectives.

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“…T1WI and T2WI strategies enable the visualization of brain anatomy, whereas quantitative indices such as DTI measurements and T2 values can provide quantitative sensitivity when attempting to detect injury to the nervous system and gauge the efficacy of neuroprotective interventions 30 . The T2 hyperintensity of the bilateral prefrontal cortex is associated with increases in inflammation, vascular permeabilization, myelin turnover, water content and the accumulation of by‐products of myelin and axonal breakdown 31,32 . ADC and FA values are key quantitative DTI parameters that are closely correlated with the pathogenesis of depression.…”

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Advanced Biomarkers of Hepatotoxicity in Psychiatry: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for New Psychoactive Substances

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