[Retracted] Energy‐Efficient and Secure Opportunistic Routing Protocol for WSN: Performance Analysis with Nature‐Inspired Algorithms and Its Application in Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is made up of tiny sensor nodes. The application of WSN in diverse fields has seen a tremendous escalation in recent years. WSN applications are constrained by the limited set of computing resources possessed by the sensor nodes and the security aspects of data communication in the WSN. Many algorithms based on nature-inspired optimization (NIO) have been proposed in the past to optimize the issue of energy efficiency and security in WSN. In the proposed work, two opportunistic routing algorithms, i.e., intelligent opportunistic routing protocol (IOP) and trust-based secure intelligent opportunistic routing protocol (TBSIOP), are compared against two NIO algorithms developed for achieving energy efficiency and security in WSN for performance analysis. The performance is evaluated by simulating the algorithms on MATLAB and comparing the obtained results with existing ACO-based and PSO-based routing algorithms. It is observed that the TBSIOP outperforms the NIO-based algorithms in terms of energy efficiency, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and average risk level. All the parameters under consideration are recorded in the presence of a maximum of 50% malicious nodes for 25, 50, and 100 nodes’ test cases. The increasing size of the network has a significant effect on the performance of TBSIOP, as the packet delivery ratio is close to 100%. Also, TBSIOP can easily avoid malicious nodes during the routing process as reflected from the results. This will improve the network lifetime of TBSIOP compared to other protocols. As far as the application of the work is concerned, it would be beneficial for smart healthcare services. It can also help in better communication during the sharing of data by providing energy-efficient services and keeping the network alive for a longer period.

Hybrid Cryptographic Scheme for Secure Communication in Mobile Ad Hoc Network-Based E-Healthcare System

“…The proposed methodology also provides a mechanism to securely exchange keys between MHN node and HN nodes. Hence, it supports double security by using RSA and hybrid cryptographic approach compared to the existing approaches [16,20,21].…”

A trust and optimal energy efficient data aggregation scheme for wireless sensor networks using QGAOA

“…So, clustering and DAG are the major research problem in WSNs [14]. Energy efficient DAG and routing was one of the practical solutions to overcome the problem of higher ECP and lower NLT of the SENs [15].…”

Retracted: Energy‐Efficient and Secure Opportunistic Routing Protocol for WSN: Performance Analysis with Nature‐Inspired Algorithms and Its Application in Biomedical Applications

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”