[Retracted] Ginkgolide A Participates in LPS‐Induced PMVEC Injury by Regulating miR‐224 and Inhibiting p21 in a Targeted Manner

Abstract

Most studies have focused on the protective effects of ginkgolide A against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyopathy and injury of the brain, liver, and other organs, but there are few reports about the protection of lung tissues. This study was designed to clarify the protection of ginkgolide A against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (PMVEC) injury. PMVECs were extracted and fell into control, LPS, and ginkgolide A groups. Next, we delved into the growth activity and apoptosis rate of cells via the CCK-8 assay and Hoechst staining, independently. Beyond that, western blotting (WB) was implemented for measurement of the expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and CDK inhibitor (p21) that pertained to the cell cycle. The target sites of ginkgolide A were confirmed by miRNA array and real-time quantitative PCR. The relationship between miR-224 and p21 was analyzed using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Compared with the control group, the LPS group and ginkgolide A group had significantly decreased cell growth activity and relative expressions of cyclin D1 and CDK4 and elevated apoptosis rate and p21 expression. Pronounced elevations were observable in the cell growth activity and expressions of cyclin D1, CDK4, and p21, while the ginkgolide A group presented with a reduced apoptosis rate in comparison with the LPS group ( P < 0.05 ). MiR-224 was the target of ginkgolide A, which had targeted regulatory effects on p21. Ginkgolide A can modulate miR-224 expression and regulate p21 expression in a targeted manner to enhance the resistance of PMVECs to LPS-induced cell apoptosis.

Cytotoxicity Analysis and In Silico Studies of Three Plant Extracts with Potential Application in Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction

“…The Ginkgo extract favors thrombomodulin (TM) expression and t-PA secretion contributing to the protection of the endothelium in the procoagulant and prothrombotic phases (observations by assay on HUVEC cells) [ 35 ]. Ginkgolide A demonstrated antiapoptotic effects by modulating the expression of miR-224 and regulating the expression of p21 at the endothelial level (PMVEC—pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells) [ 36 ]. Ginkgolide B has an anti-inflammatory effect observed on HUVEC cells by downregulating LOX-1 expression.…”

Retracted: Ginkgolide A Participates in LPS-Induced PMVEC Injury by Regulating miR-224 and Inhibiting p21 in a Targeted Manner

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process: Discrepancies in scope Discrepancies in the description of the research reported Discrepancies between the availability of data and the research described Inappropriate citations Incoherent, meaningless and/or irrelevant content included in the article Peer-review manipulation …”

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of one or more of the following indicators of systematic manipulation of the publication process:…”