RETRACTED: Nanonutraceuticals: Anti-Cancer Activity and Improved Safety of Chemotherapy by Costunolide and Its Nanoformulation against Colon and Breast Cancer
Abstract:Costunolide (COS) is a sesquiterpene lactone with anticancer properties. The present study investigated the anticancer effects of COS against the human colon (HCT116) and breast (MDA-MB-231-Luc) cancer cell lines. Inhibition of cell lines viability and IC50 of COS were assessed via an MTT assay. Furthermore, the apoptotic rate was detected by assessment of Bcl2-associated X (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) protein levels by flow cytometry. Xenograft mice model of HCT116 and MDA-MB-231-Luc were carried out to… Show more
“…Nanotechnology is an emerging field of functional materials on the scale of nanometers at least in one dimension with a broad range of advanced applications such as medical imaging and nanomedicine [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are one-dimensional, highly hydrophobic and non-polar filamentous hollow carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) that are cost-effective, have good electrical, thermal and mechanical properties [ 5 , 6 ], and show great promise in biomedical applications [ 7 , 8 ].…”
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are one-dimensional nanomaterials with excellent physical and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties characterized by a low risk of antimicrobial resistance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antimicrobial metallic nanomaterials already used in a broad range of industrial applications. In the present study these two nanomaterials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering, and their biological properties were compared in terms of cytotoxicity, proliferation, and gene expression in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The results showed that both AgNPs and CNFs present similar time-dependent cytotoxicity (EC50 of 608.1 µg/mL for CNFs and 581.9 µg/mL for AgNPs at 24 h) and similar proliferative HaCaT cell activity. However, both nanomaterials showed very different results in the expression of thirteen genes (superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), laminin subunit beta 1 (LAMB1), lumican (LUM), cadherin 1 CDH1, collagen type IV alpha (COL4A1), fibrillin (FBN), and versican (VCAN)) treated with the lowest non-cytotoxic concentrations in the HaCaT cells after 24 h. The AgNPs were capable of up-regulating only two genes (SOD1 and MMP1) while the CNFs were very effective in up-regulating eight genes (FN1, MMP1, CAT, CDH1, COL4A1, FBN, GPX1, and TGFB1) involved in the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and maintaining and repairing tissues by regulating cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, growth, morphogenesis, and tissue development. These results demonstrate CNF nanomaterials’ unique great potential in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and wound healing.
“…Nanotechnology is an emerging field of functional materials on the scale of nanometers at least in one dimension with a broad range of advanced applications such as medical imaging and nanomedicine [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are one-dimensional, highly hydrophobic and non-polar filamentous hollow carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs) that are cost-effective, have good electrical, thermal and mechanical properties [ 5 , 6 ], and show great promise in biomedical applications [ 7 , 8 ].…”
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are one-dimensional nanomaterials with excellent physical and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties characterized by a low risk of antimicrobial resistance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are antimicrobial metallic nanomaterials already used in a broad range of industrial applications. In the present study these two nanomaterials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering, and their biological properties were compared in terms of cytotoxicity, proliferation, and gene expression in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The results showed that both AgNPs and CNFs present similar time-dependent cytotoxicity (EC50 of 608.1 µg/mL for CNFs and 581.9 µg/mL for AgNPs at 24 h) and similar proliferative HaCaT cell activity. However, both nanomaterials showed very different results in the expression of thirteen genes (superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), matrix metallopeptidase 1 (MMP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), fibronectin 1 (FN1), hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), laminin subunit beta 1 (LAMB1), lumican (LUM), cadherin 1 CDH1, collagen type IV alpha (COL4A1), fibrillin (FBN), and versican (VCAN)) treated with the lowest non-cytotoxic concentrations in the HaCaT cells after 24 h. The AgNPs were capable of up-regulating only two genes (SOD1 and MMP1) while the CNFs were very effective in up-regulating eight genes (FN1, MMP1, CAT, CDH1, COL4A1, FBN, GPX1, and TGFB1) involved in the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and maintaining and repairing tissues by regulating cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, growth, morphogenesis, and tissue development. These results demonstrate CNF nanomaterials’ unique great potential in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and wound healing.
“… 107–111 Several studies started to investigate the incorporation of MCL analogs and COS into nanoparticles. 112 , 113 Bone-targeted PSMA-b-PS NPs entrapped with triazole MCL analog exhibited excellent serum stability and significantly reduced LSC burden in leukemic mice. 112 Another study demonstrated that COS and COS-NPs, in combination with doxorubicin (DOX), stimulated the activity of caspase-3 and induced apoptosis of HCT116 and MDA-MB-231-Luc.…”
Section: Nanoformulations Of Ptl For Tumor Therapymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, dose-response relationship will be investigated in future studies. 113 In addition, Niu et al constructed pH-responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with COS, which increased stability and enhanced anti-fibrotic effect of pure COS. 114 In short, above-mentioned results implied that nanoparticles entrapped with sesquiterpene lactones show great promise in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Figure 4 Chemical structure of MCL, MMB and COS. …”
Section: Nanoformulations Of Ptl For Tumor Therapymentioning
Plant-derived sesquiterpene lactones are promising natural sources for the discovery of anti-cancer drugs. As an extensively studied sesquiterpene lactone, the tumor suppression effect of parthenolide (PTL) has been clarified by targeting a number of prominent signaling pathways and key protein regulators in carcinogenesis. Notably, PTL was also the first small molecule reported to eradicate cancer stem cells. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PTL as an antitumor agent remains limited, owing to some disadvantages such as low water solubility and poor bioavailability. Thus, nanomedicine has attracted much interest because of its great potential for transporting poorly soluble drugs to desired body sites. In view of the significant advantages over their free small-molecule counterparts, nanoparticle delivery systems appear to be a potential solution for addressing the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, including PTL. In this review, we summarized the key anticancer mechanisms underlined by PTL as well as engineered PTL nanoparticles synthesized to date. Therefore, PTL nanoformulations could be an alternative strategy to maximize the therapeutic value of PTL.
“…Phytochemical costunolide (CTD) is a member of a large family of 5000 compounds of sesquiterpene lactones that has multiple pharmacological activity [14]. CTD has been isolated from a variety of medicinal plant species, including Costus speciosus, Saussurea lappa, and Laurus nobilis [15]. It has been reported to possess antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumor activity [14,15].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…CTD has been isolated from a variety of medicinal plant species, including Costus speciosus, Saussurea lappa, and Laurus nobilis [15]. It has been reported to possess antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antitumor activity [14,15]. In lung cancer, CTD has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of cell-induced apoptosis and prevent angiogenesis.…”
Lung cancer is the second-most deadly malignancy worldwide, of which smoking is considered a major risk factor and causes 75–80% of lung cancer-related deaths. Costunolide (CTD) extracted from plant species Saussurea, Aucklandia, and Inula exhibits potent anticancer properties, specifically in lung cancer and leukemia. Several nanoemulsions were prepared and optimized using a three-factor Box–Behnken experimental design. The optimized green nanoemulsion (GNE) showed a vesicle size of 199.56 nm. The IC50 values revealed that A549 cells were significantly more sensitive to the optimized CTD formula than the plain formula and raw CTD. A cell cycle analysis revealed that the optimized CTD formula treatment resulted in significant cell cycle arrest at the S phase. The results also indicated that treatment with the CTD formula significantly increased caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, and p53 mRNA expression compared to the plain formula and CTD raw. In terms of the inflammatory markers, the optimized formula significantly reduced the activity of TNF-α and NF-κB in comparison with the plain formula and raw drug only. Overall, the findings from the study proved that a CTD GNE formulation could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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