RETRACTED: Occupational Stress and Insomnia Symptoms Among Nurses During the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: The Chain Mediating Effect of Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Capital

Abstract

Background:Nurses play an important role in medical and health services and insomnia symptoms were relatively high among nurses, especially during the epidemic of 2019 coronavirus disease. Insomnia not only damages the physical and mental health of the individual, but also reduces the efficiency of their work and the quality of care, ultimately impacting on patient care.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore the role of perceived organizational support and psychological capital in the relationship between occupational stress and insomnia among Chinese nurses.MethodsA cross-sectional study has been carried out in a tertiary grade A hospital in Shandong Province, China from March 2021 to May 2021. The self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 810 nurses, which including Chinese Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale, Athens Insomnia Scale, Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire, Chinese Psychological Capital Questionnaire, gender, age, education level and other demographic characteristics. Effective respondents were 658 (81.2%). Descriptive analysis, independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analyses, ordinary least-squares regression and the bootstrap method were used for data analysis.ResultsThe prevalence of insomnia symptoms in this study was found to be 57.3%. There were significant differences in insomnia symptoms in weekly working hours (t = −2.027, P = 0.043), with chronic disease (t = −2.825, P = 0.005), negative life events (t = −5.340, P < 0.001), departments (F = 3.077, P = 0.006) and position (t = 2.322, P = 0.021) among nurses. Overall, the serial-multiple mediations of perceived organizational support and psychological capital in the relationship between occupational stress and insomnia were found to be statistically significant.ConclusionsThe prevalence of insomnia symptoms was comparatively high among Chinese nurses, and occupational stress had direct negative influence on it. Perceived organizational support and psychological capital acted as chained mediating factor could partially relieve insomnia symptoms related to occupational stress. Supportive working environment should be provided, and improving psychological capital levels to help nurses coping with insomnia symptoms.

Social Support Mediates the Relationship between COVID-19-Related Burnout and Booster Vaccination Willingness among Fully Vaccinated Nurses

“…Therefore, increasing nurses’ social support reduces the negative effects of COVID-19-related burnout, resulting in improved vaccination willingness. Evidence supports our findings since several studies during the pandemic confirmed the positive impact of social support on nurses’ life as a mediator [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In particular, Du et al (2022) found that perceived organizational support is a mediating variable between occupational stress and insomnia symptoms [ 45 ], while Fronda et al (2022) found that adequate social support as a mediating factor could partially reduce the effects of coronaphobia on professional turnover intention in nurses [ 46 ].…”

“…Evidence supports our findings since several studies during the pandemic confirmed the positive impact of social support on nurses’ life as a mediator [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. In particular, Du et al (2022) found that perceived organizational support is a mediating variable between occupational stress and insomnia symptoms [ 45 ], while Fronda et al (2022) found that adequate social support as a mediating factor could partially reduce the effects of coronaphobia on professional turnover intention in nurses [ 46 ]. In addition, perceived social support improved the protective role of resilience against the anxiety that nurses experience during the pandemic [ 47 ].…”

“…Furthermore, Stickley et al (2021) found that loneliness (an indicator of decreased social support) was inversely associated with engaging in COVID-19 preventive attitudes, such as hand-washing, wearing a face mask, and social distancing [ 43 ]. The literature supports the positive effect of social support on nurses’ life during the pandemic either directly as a determinant [ 44 ] or indirectly as a mediator [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Therefore, on the basis of the current literature, we hypothesized the following:…”

Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Intention among Nurses Who Have Been Fully Vaccinated against COVID-19: Evidence from Greece

“…Additionally, studies during the COVID-19 pandemic suggested the protective role of social support from significant others (e.g., co-workers and managers) in safeguarding against mental health consequences among nurses [ 31 , 32 ]. Moreover, the literature contends that social support may have acted not only directly but also indirectly as a mediating variable by reducing anxiety, insomnia symptoms, and turnover intention among nurses during the pandemic [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

The Relationship Between Insomnia and Anxiety Among COVID-19 Patients in China: the Chain Mediating Effect of Psychological Capital and Self-esteem

“…According to this theory, initial externalizing problems, such as insomnia, affect future susceptibility to internalizing symptoms, like psychological capital, which in turn aggravate anxiety problems (Kristin et al,2010). Simultaneously, studies have shown that insomnia would reduce individual psychological capital, and was negatively correlated with psychological capital (Du et al,2022). As an individual positive psychological resource, psychological capital played the role of "buffer" in the formation of negative emotions such as anxiety and depression and could resist individual anxiety and depression symptoms (Ho et al,2022).…”