[Retracted] Potential Drug Prediction of Glioblastoma Based on Drug Perturbation‐Induced Gene Expression Signatures

Abstract

Objectives. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor which is the most common and aggressive type of central nervous system cancer, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite lots of systematic studies on the molecular mechanism of glioblastoma, the pathogenesis is still unclear, and effective therapies are relatively rare with surgical resection as the frequently therapeutic intervention. Identification of fundamental molecules and gene networks associated with initiation is critical in glioblastoma drug discovery. In this study, an approach for the prediction of potential drug was developed based on perturbation-induced gene expression signatures. Methods. We first collected RNA-seq data of 12 pairs of glioblastoma samples and adjacent normal samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by DESeq2, and coexpression networks were analyzed with weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Furthermore, key driver genes were detected based on the differentially expressed genes and potential chemotherapeutic drugs and targeted drugs were found by correlating the gene expression profiles with drug perturbation database. Finally, RNA-seq data of glioblastoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was collected as an independent validation dataset to verify our findings. Results. We identified 1771 significantly DEGs with 446 upregulated genes and 1325 downregulated genes. A total of 24 key drivers were found in the upregulated gene set, and 81 key drivers were found in the downregulated gene set. We screened the Crowd Extracted Expression of Differential Signatures (CREEDS) database to identify drug perturbations that could reverse the key factors of glioblastoma, and a total of 354 drugs were obtained with p value < 10-10. Finally, 7 drugs that could turn down the expression of upregulated factors and 3 drugs that could reverse the expression of downregulated key factors were selected as potential glioblastoma drugs. In addition, similar results were obtained through the analysis of TCGA as independent dataset. Conclusions. In this study, we provided a framework of workflow for potential therapeutic drug discovery and predicted 10 potential drugs for glioblastoma therapy.

Glioblastoma gene network reconstruction and ontology analysis by online bioinformatics tools

“…A set of glioma-related genes obtained from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were predicted to be regulated by 15 miRNAs via the miRwalk 2.0 database [ 22 ]. Zhu and colleagues [ 23 ] provided a framework of workflow for potential therapeutic drug discovery and predicted 10 potential drugs for glioblastoma therapy. Effectiveness of drugs has to be tested on the experimental models [ 24 ].…”

Retracted: Potential Drug Prediction of Glioblastoma Based on Drug Perturbation‐Induced Gene Expression Signatures

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [1]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”