[Retracted] Predicting the Risk of Depression Based on ECG Using RNN

Abstract

This paper presents a model to predict the risk of depression based on electrocardiogram (ECG). This proposed model uses a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) autoencoder to predict normal, abnormal, and PVC heartbeats. The RNN model is a deep learning-based model to classify normal, abnormal, and PVC heartbeats. We used the model as a classifier. The model uses a heart rates dataset to predict abnormal and PVC heartbeats. As for the dataset, we have used 5000 ECG samples. The model was trained on a training dataset and validation dataset. After that, it was tested on a test dataset. The model is trained on normal heartbeat rates, so the model can predict any heartbeat rates other than normal. Our contribution here is to build a model that can differentiate between “normal,” “abnormal,” and “risky” heartbeats. Our model predicts “normal” heartbeats with 97.24% accuracy and can predict “PVC” heartbeats with 100% accuracy. Other than the accuracy, we evaluated our model on the training loss graphs. These two types of training loss graphs were evaluated as “normal” versus “risky” and “abnormal” versus “risky.” We have seen great results there as well. The best losses for “normal,” “abnormal,” and “risky” are 5.71, 33.36, and 34.78. However, these results may improve if a larger dataset is used. In studies, it was found that patients suffering from depression may have a different kind of heartbeat than the normal ones. In most cases, it is PVC (Premature Ventricular Contraction) heartbeats. Therefore, the target is to predict abnormal heartbeats and PVC heartbeats.

A Comparative Study of Student Satisfaction Levels on Online Learning Using K-NN and Naïve Bayes

“…However, to improve the accuracy of the results, enhance sample representation, and mitigate potential unrepresentativeness, the researchers opted to utilize a larger sample size of 140 data points. As explained by (Spinde et al, 2021) and (S. T. Noor et al, 2021)in their paper, a larger dataset is needed to improve research results. By increasing the sample size beyond the minimum requirement, the study aimed to enhance the precision and reliability of the findings.…”

QT interval is correlated with and can predict the comorbidity of depression and anxiety: A cross-sectional study on outpatients with first-episode depression

“…However, the impact of depression and anxiety symptoms on ECG measurements may depend on the type of anxiety (e.g., general anxiety or heart-focused anxiety) and the stage of depression (e.g., onset, maintenance or recurrent) ( 16 ). Additionally, researchers developed a model based on recurrent neural network (RNN) (a deep learning-based model) and long short-term memory (LSTM) autoencoder to predict the risk of depression based on ECG measurements ( 17 ). This model could differentiate between “normal,” “abnormal,” and “risky” heartbeats, which correspond to different severity levels of depression.…”

Retracted: Predicting the Risk of Depression Based on ECG Using RNN

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”