RETRACTED: Silymarin prevents apoptosis through inhibiting the Bax/caspase-3 expression and suppresses toll like receptor-4 pathway in the SNc of 6-OHDA intoxicated rats

Haddadi, Rasool; Nayebi, Alireza Mohajjel; Brooshghalan, Shahla Eyvari

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.020

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…An in-vitro study has shown that an extract of Panax notoginseng was able to suppress microglial activation and decrease the release of inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α), suggesting the potential therapeutic utility in slowing down PD progression [ 110 ]. The flavonoid silymarin, extracted from the seeds and fruit of Silybum marianum , was found to exert neuroprotective effects in 6-OHDA-induced hemi-parkinsonian rats, through the alleviation of nigral injury, the increase of anti-oxidant defenses and suppression of TLR4 activation [ 111 ].…”

Section: Potential Therapeutic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease

Caputi

Giron

2018

IJMS

278

224

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by α-synucleinopathy, which involves all districts of the brain-gut axis, including the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The highly bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut is markedly influenced by the microbiome through integrated immunological, neuroendocrine and neurological processes. The gut microbiota and its relevant metabolites interact with the host via a series of biochemical and functional inputs, thereby affecting host homeostasis and health. Indeed, a dysregulated microbiota-gut-brain axis in PD might lie at the basis of gastrointestinal dysfunctions which predominantly emerge many years prior to the diagnosis, corroborating the theory that the pathological process is spread from the gut to the brain. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs primarily found in microorganisms and a dysregulation in their signaling may be implicated in α-synucleinopathy, such as PD. An overstimulation of the innate immune system due to gut dysbiosis and/or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, together with higher intestinal barrier permeability, may provoke local and systemic inflammation as well as enteric neuroglial activation, ultimately triggering the development of alpha-synuclein pathology. In this review, we provide the current knowledge regarding the relationship between the microbiota-gut–brain axis and TLRs in PD. A better understanding of the dialogue sustained by the microbiota-gut-brain axis and innate immunity via TLR signaling should bring interesting insights in the pathophysiology of PD and provide novel dietary and/or therapeutic measures aimed at shaping the gut microbiota composition, improving the intestinal epithelial barrier function and balancing the innate immune response in PD patients, in order to influence the early phases of the following neurodegenerative cascade.

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Section: Potential Therapeutic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease

Caputi

Giron

2018

IJMS

278

224

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“…It enhances membrane permeability and helps the activation of caspase pathways, such as caspase-3. 44 As shown in Figure 5A, H1N1 virus infection led to an increased expression of Bax protein. After treatment with Se@RBV, the expression was downregulated.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Apoptosis Signaling Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 78%

Restriction of H1N1 influenza virus infection by selenium nanoparticles loaded with ribavirin via resisting caspase-3 apoptotic pathway

Lin¹,

Li²,

Gong³

et al. 2018

IJN

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IntroductionRibavirin (RBV) is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) attract much attention in the biomedical field and are used as carriers of drugs in current research studies. In this study, SeNPs were decorated by RBV, and the novel nanoparticle system was well characterized. Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells were infected with H1N1 influenza virus before treatment with RBV, SeNPs, and SeNPs loaded with RBV (Se@RBV).Methods and resultsMTT assay showed that Se@RBV nanoparticles protect cells during H1N1 infection in vitro. Se@RBV depressed virus titer in the culture supernatant. Intracellular localization detection revealed that Se@RBV accumulated in lysosome and escaped to cytoplasm as time elapsed. Furthermore, activation of caspase-3 was resisted by Se@RBV. Expressions of proteins related to caspase-3, including cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, caspase-8, and Bax, were downregulated evidently after treatment with Se@RBV compared with the untreated infection group. In addition, phosphorylations of phosphorylated 38 (p38), JNK, and phosphorylated 53 (p53) were inhibited as well. In vivo experiments indicated that Se@RBV was found to prevent lung injury in H1N1-infected mice through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tunel test of lung tissues present that DNA damage reached a high level but reduced substantially when treated with Se@RBV. Immunohistochemical test revealed an identical result with the in vitro experiment that activations of caspase-3 and proteins on the apoptosis pathway were restrained by Se@RBV treatment.ConclusionTaken together, this study elaborates that Se@RBV is a novel promising agent against H1N1 influenza virus infection.

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“…In addition, treatment with SM or SB significantly downregulated the expression of BAX , thereby suggesting that SM and SB can prevent apoptosis and act as chemoprotective agents. Previous studies demonstrated the modulatory effects of SM and SB on cell survival and apoptosis via interference with the expression of cell cycle regulators and proteins involved in apoptosis [ 6 , 35 – 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Effects of Silymarin and Silibinin against DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells

Borges

Silva

Goes

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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Silymarin (SM), a standardized extract derived from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, is primarily composed of flavonolignans, with silibinin (SB) as its major active constituent. The present study aimed to evaluate the antigenotoxic activities of SM and SB using the alkaline comet assay in whole blood cells and to assess their effects on the expression of genes associated with carcinogenesis and chemopreventive processes. Different concentrations of SM or SB (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 mg/ml) were used in combination with the DNA damage-inducing agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS, 800 μM) to evaluate their genoprotective potential. To investigate the role of SM and SB in modulating gene expression, we performed quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of five genes that are known to be involved in DNA damage, carcinogenesis, and/or chemopreventive mechanisms. Treatment with SM or SB was found to significantly reduce the genotoxicity of MMS, upregulate the expression of PTEN and BCL2, and downregulate the expression of BAX and ABL1. We observed no significant changes in ETV6 expression levels following treatment with SM or SB. In conclusion, both SM and SB exerted antigenotoxic activities and modulated the expression of genes related to cell protection against DNA damage.

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RETRACTED: Silymarin prevents apoptosis through inhibiting the Bax/caspase-3 expression and suppresses toll like receptor-4 pathway in the SNc of 6-OHDA intoxicated rats

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease

Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease

Restriction of H1N1 influenza virus infection by selenium nanoparticles loaded with ribavirin via resisting caspase-3 apoptotic pathway

Protective Effects of Silymarin and Silibinin against DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells

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