ABSTRACT. Traditionally the literature on partnership has focused on understanding why firms choose to cooperate and with whom, however, our understanding of the impact of the resulting network structure on the performance of the project is limited. This study builds on joint R&D projects developed in Europe in order to analyse certain structural variables -number and typology of partners, and intensity and density of interactions in the network -which may result in a greater performance of exploration and exploitation R&D projects. Findings show that these structural variables are good predictors of project performance; in particular, the joint performance function in exploration projects is positively dependent on the number of partners; however, in exploitation projects this function depends positively on the density and intensity of interactions, and negatively on the number of partners. Our results complement previous research while adding empirical evidence on the nonlinear and contingent character of structural variables and the performance of joint projects.Keywords: Density; Intensity; Structure; Joint R&D Projects; Partnerships.
IntroductionTechnological collaboration for R&D development is being increasingly adopted between organizations to combine resources for common goals [1][2][3]. Firms join other institutions in organising networks, not only at a local but also at a national and international level, in order to develop technological projects that may positively influence competitiveness [3][4][5][6][7]. The effect of network structure in technological project performance has been a topic of considerable interest and study in recent years [5][6][7][8]. According to Hagedoorn et al. [4], Pek-Hooi and Roberts [9] there are two elements which integrate the network structure of a joint R&D project: The network nodes comprising the partners that take part in the project, and the interactions established among partners.Characterized by these two main elements, the study of network structures has been approached from two distinct points of view: The resource-based perspective where the analysis focuses on the partner whose role is to contribute and share resources in the network [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Beyond the broad consensus of the importance of network structure in managerial performance [30][31], there is a debate on several issues regarding structural attributes and the mechanisms through which they impact on project performance. Thus, in the case of exploration projects, scholars suggest that the large size and weak ties of networks tend to create small groups (clustering) within the network, and that this has a negative impact on the performance of the joint project [29], [6], [32].Regarding exploitation projects, other studies argue that strong cohesion in networks produces redundant information and small size increases the conflicts between partners [3].In this paper we seek to further the debate on size and cohesion issues using survey data collected from a representative sample of join...